METAR

Abstract: An assessment is presented on the relative forecast impact on the performance of a numerical weather prediction model from eight different observation data types: aircraft, profiler, radiosonde, velocity azimuth display (VAD), GPS-derived precipitable water, aviation routine weather report (METAR; surface), surface mesonet, and satellite-based atmospheric motion vectors. A series of observation sensitivity experiments was conducted using the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model/assimilation system in which various data sources were denied to assess the relative importance of the different data types for short-range (3–12 h) wind, temperature, and relative humidity forecasts at different vertical levels and near the surface. These experiments were conducted for two 10-day periods, one in November–December 2006 and one in August 2007. These experiments show positive short-range forecast impacts from most of the contributors to the heterogeneous observing system over the RUC domain. In particular, aircraf...

Abstract: A system for monitoring play of a golfer (24,26) comprises Location Information Transmitters (LIT) (52, 54, 56) at predetermined locations within a golf course and a Mobile Electronic Transmitter/Receiver (METAR) (48, 50) carried in association with a golfer (24,26) on a golf bag (30) or a golf cart (28). A METAR (48) transmits a METAR code to a LIT (54), which then transmits its LIT code and the received METAR code to a Tracking Center (22) display terminal. Golf course personnel can monitor the display terminal and determine play of golfers (24, 26), golf cart (28, 34) utilization and golf hole (10, 14) utilization. When the golfer (24) causes a slow play indication, the Tracking Center (22) is notified and the slow golfer (24) is asked to increase the rate of play or leave the golf course. The METAR (48) transmission may be begun in response to the METAR (48) receiving an LIT code periodically transmitted by an LIT (52, 54, 56) over a restricted transmission range (58, 60, 62). When the METAR (48) arrives within an LIT (54) transmission range (60), the METAR (48) receives a LIT code and subsequently initiates a counter to measure time required by the golfer (24) to move within transmission range (62) of a next LIT (56). If the counter exceeds a prescribed time, then a display on the METAR (48) indicates slow play.

Abstract: This paper describes a winter weather nowcasting system called Weather Support to Deicing Decision Making (WSDDM), designed to provide airline, airport, and air traffic users with winter weather information relevant to their operations. The information is provided on an easy to use graphical display and characterizes airport icing conditions for nonmeteorologists. The system has been developed and refined over a series of winter–long airport demonstrations at Denver's Stapleton International Airport, Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, and New York's LaGuardia Airport. The WSDDM system utilizes commercially available weather information in the form of Next Generation Weather Radar WSR–88D radar reflectivity data depicted as color coded images on a window of the display and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) surface weather reports from Automated Surface Observating System stations and observers. METAR information includes wind speed and direction, air temperature, and precipitation type/...

Abstract: A Canadian Land Data Assimilation System (CaLDAS) for the analysis of land surface prognostic variables is designed and implemented at the Meteorological Service of Canada for the initialization of numerical weather prediction and climate models. The assimilation of different data sources for the production of daily soil moisture and temperature analyses is investigated in a set of observing system simulation experiments over North America. A simplified variational technique is adapted to accommodate different observation types at their appropriate time in a 24-h time window. The screen-level observations of temperature and relative humidity, from conventional synoptic surface observations (SYNOP)/aviation routine weather report (METAR)/surface aviation observation (SA) reports, are considered together with presently available satellite observations provided by the Aqua satellite (microwave C-band), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) [infrared (IR)], and observations availab...