Abstract: The Italians discovered the first traces of Palaeolithic life in Albania, and also some cave-dwellings containing Neolithic deposits. It is only in the last thirty-five years that it has been possible to undertake the disciplined and rewarding task of tracing the prehistoric cultures of Albania, and of discovering and studying the culture of the land and its people in the stages of their evolution. Very little is known of Palaeolithic culture in Albania, because that primitive period has not yet been included in organized schemes of research. The Mesolithic period is almost totally unknown. The evolution of Neolithic civilization can be followed in Albania over three periods: Early, Middle and Late Neolithic. A separate cultural development, called Eneolithic, took place as a transitory stage leading from the Neolithic Age to the Bronze Age. According to the archaeological evidence, Albania experienced in the Neolithic and to an even greater extent in the Eneolithic period, a fairly marked growth in productive capacity.

Abstract: This chapter discusses the cultural features during the Late Palaeolithic and Epi-Palaeolithic of northern Africa. Chronologically, the cultural manifestations included under the terms Late Palaeolithic and Epi-Palaeolithic correspond to what are usually called Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic in Europe. The most important Palaeolithic discoveries from Libya have been made in the north-eastern province of Cyrenaica, but a few finds have also been made further west along the coast in Sirtica and Tripolitania. In late Pleistocene times, the Nile was the central fact of human occupation in Egypt and the northern Sudan. The Jeziret el-Maghrib or 'Island of the West' extends for about 3000 km from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Gabes, and includes the northern parts of the states of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The climate in the Maghrib was cool and relatively dry during the late Pleistocene and there are no indications of true pluvial conditions during the time of the Last or Wiirm Glaciation of Europe.

Abstract: As part of an interdisciplinary project investigating postglacial human adaptations in Catalonia, Spain, a sequence of Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age sites has been excavated which provides insight into human exploitation of an upland area of the Llobregat valley. The study region is a set of plateaux (700–1,000 m. in elevation) situated at the current limit of Mediterranean and montane climatic regimes and vegetational associations. The late glacial wooded steppe was replaced by a deciduous oak association during the early Postglacial. The faunal association shows a corresponding shift from a mixture of montane species (ibex, chamois) and mixed forest animals (deer, boar) to one composed exclusively of the latter, although rabbit is always predominant. After 4,000 B.C. significant human impact upon the oak forest is marked by the extension of boxwood, and domestic sheep and goat replace the wild fauna.The Balma del Gai (8,000 B.C.) demonstrates an evolutionary relationship...

Abstract: Summary: This paper explores the changing use of lithic raw materials between the late Mesolithic and the late Neolithic periods in three areas of England: the Weald, the south western peninsula and southern Wessex. In the Weald changes in Mesolithic technology may be related to contemporary changes in the settlement-pattern brought about by ecological factors. In the south-west and in Wessex there is some continuity in the use of particular stone sources in the Mesolithic and Neolithic, but in the latter period there may be evidence for greater social control over the use of certain quarry sites and their products. One reason for the growth of regional exchange was the difficulty of long distance movement in a sedentary agricultural economy.

Abstract: Summary An account of M Buchanan's excavations on the mesolithic and later site on Oronsay in 1911–12 is given, based on mss in the Hunlerian Museum. No distinct occupation areas seem to have been uncovered, and theflint and quartz tools have to be treated as stray finds in the sand dunes. The tools are catalogued and analysed, and appear to include material dating to most periods from mesolithic limes down to the early bronze age.

Abstract: Summary New evidence suggests that in part of Ayrshire the old shore-line of the post-glacial high sea level was nearer the present coast than was previously supposed. Some finds of Mesolithic flints from near Shewalton are now seen to be the debris of coast dwellers during the high sea period rather than, as they used to be, interpreted as anomalously late.

Abstract: Through ethnographic accounts and modern experiments it has been observed that careful heating of silica materials improves their flaking qualities. Using the scanning electron microscope, tests were carried out on a Mesolithic microblade, two Neolithic daggers, a Neolithic sickle and a Neolithic thick-butted axe, to determine if these objects had been heat treated prehistorically. Results indicated that this technique was not used and was probably unknown during the Stone Age in southern Sweden.

Abstract: of homosexuality, the Shakers, and adoptive mothers. I would speculate that Egyptian sibling marriage volved in large part from the erroneous belief that full-sibling marriage had been common among royalty and therefore was a prestigious strategy for commoners. I would expect that these marriages were more frequent between siblings separated for some time in the early years of their lives and that those who lived together all their childhood found each other unattractive. However, failure to account for the single exception Hopkins documents does not threaten the validity of the Westermarck hypothesis.

Abstract: L'article couvre le pourtour nord-ouest de la Mer Noire, des cotes bulgares a la Crimee, et prend en compte les cultures de Molodova et de Grebeniki, les groupes de Sour-Koba, de Murzak-Koba, de Moldavie (Dorohoi-Strahova), de Bulgarie (Dekilitaz), d'Ukraine (Bug-Dnestr) et de Crimee (Tas Air). L'A. souligne l'importance des changements du climat intervenus dans cette zone vers la fin du Pleistocene pour la neolithisation des cultures de ces territoires.

Abstract: than broad; concern with ethnographic ontext is subordinated to the problem under investigation so that opportunities for discovering unexpected relationships are reduced. Analytical holistic ethnography is multi-problem-oriented rather than single-problem-oriented. The investigator begins with an awareness of many problems currently of interest, the kinds of data likely to be of use in solving them, and various field techniques that may prove to be appropriate. Flexibility of concept and method is the dominant approach at the beginning and during a good part of the field research; most techniques for gathering standardized quantitative data, such as questionnaires, are used toward the end of the research, when the investigator is generally familiar with the ethnographic facts and in a better position to design such instruments. The formulation of precise hypotheses is partly inductive and generally takes place during the analytical stage rather than before the fieldwork. Ethnographic ontext is of major importance in the analysis. The research develops from a broad general format into a number of more narrowly defined problems. Ethnography is the principal method of data collection appropriate to a multi-problem research effort. Ethnographic reports are often basically descriptive, but ethnographic data do not impose this limitation; they can be intensively analyzed with many variables taken into account. Hence, we speak of analytical holistic ethnography. Srivastava and Malik repeat the familiar assertion that holistic ethnography is feasible in small, generally homogeneous tribes and villages but not in complex industrialized societies. This point of view has been repeated so often that it is now taken for granted. We are by no means persuaded that it is correct. Degree of social complexity, for example, is generally continuous, and there is no obvious point on the continuum at which ethnographic methods such as observation and interviewing become useless or inadvisable. The ethnographic study of Delhi would require a team of fieldworkers and would be generally more complicated than the study of a village, but conceptually and methodologically there would seem to be no obstacle to such a study. The low esteem in which holistic ethnography is currently held has tended to deprive anthropology of a useful technique that has long been its hallmark.

Abstract: SUMMARY Data are presented from pollen analytical investigations of an upland basin peat site (GWC) at c. 395 m.o.d. on Cefn Gwernffrwd, mid-Wales, 15 km north of Llandovery and 15 km southeast of Tregaron Bog. The data are presented in an outline radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram, covering more than 9500 radiocarbon years and zoned in the conventional manner, and in a detailed pollen diagram covering Atlantic and Sub-Boreal times, divided into eight phases. The evidence indicates that pine (Pinus) was not a major post-glacial forest component in this locality, but that hazel (Corylus) may have dominated the upland plateau woods for much of the Boreal. The composition of the Mesolithic forest is discussed and compared with neighbouring areas of the British Isles in the light of this apparent abundance of Corylus and with regard to its migration route into mid-Wales in the Flandrian. The date for the elm (Ulmus) decline horizon at site GWC is within the expected range and consistent with that obtained from Tregaron Bog. The site is 0.5 km from a recently discovered prehistoric complex of presumed Bronze Age date. Although there is firm evidence for Neolithic clearances, the impact on the forest in this locality was more severe in the Bronze Age. This is apparently at variance with sites elsewhere in mid-Wales, where an open upland landscape has been claimed since the early Neolithic, and more closely parallels findings in Northern Ireland.

Abstract: Reconstructions of the late Quaternary paleogeography of Greece and the Aegean show that at 18,000 years B.P. the northern Aegean and northern Adriatic formed large coastal plains traversed by many rivers. Broad plains also existed off the coast of Elis and the present Gulf of Korinth, and along the Anatolian coast. Many islands, such as Kerkira, Euboea, and the northern Sporadhes, were connected with the mainland, and most of the Cycladic islands were joined together in a Cycladic semi-peninsula. The post-glacial rise of sea level beginning ca. 15,000 B.P. restored around 9,000 B.P. the coastal geography to approximately its present configuration. The late Quaternary paleogeography and its subsequent changes have many archeological implications that are worth serious consideration. The well-watered northern coastal plains may have furnished subsistence for a plains population quite independent of the resources of the northern mountain regions, and they constituted easy access to the Greek peninsu...