TL;DR: The adult and larval morphology, advertisement call, ecology, and life history of a new species of Marbled Toad from the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar on the basis of eight specimens from Kirindy Forest is described.
Abstract: We describe the adult and larval morphology, advertisement call, ecology, and life history of a new species of Marbled Toad from the dry deciduous forests of western Madagascar on the basis of eight specimens from Kirindy Forest C. F. P. F. in the central Menabe area. Scaphiophryne menabensis n. sp. is larger, but morphologically similar to S. marmorata from the eastern rainforests. However, DNA sequence analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene resulted in a clear differentiation from this species. The strongest mitochondrial affinities are with S. madagascariensis ,a morphologically highly divergent species occurring in montane savanna and forest areas on the high plateau of Madagascar.
TL;DR: This work reports on the finding of the Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius from Visakhapatnam and discusses aspects of its distribution based on the species distribution modeling, and provides data on historically collected specimens and refine its intra-specific variation.
Abstract: We report on the finding of the Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius from Visakhapatnam and discuss aspects of its distribution based on our species distribution modeling. We also provide data on historically collected specimens and refine its intra-specific variation, provide an up-to-date chresonymy and comment on the validity of earlier reported diagnosis. Lastly, we remark on some misidentification-mediated dubious southern Indian records of another, related congener, the Marbled Toad D. stomaticus and correct some misallocations by referring them to another syntopic congener, the Dwarf Toad D. scaber.
TL;DR: Anurans show a wide variety of complex mating behaviours, which comprise external fertilization, which takes place in water bodies and can be categorized into specific types, including multiple amplexus (Ayres, 2008), am Plexus from the abdominal side; amplexu between a living.
Abstract: Anurans show a wide variety of complex mating behaviours. Most of these comprise external fertilization, which takes place in water bodies. Male frogs initiate this process by producing species-specific mating calls (also known as advertisement calls) which attract conspecific females. Amplexus follows, during which the male grasps the female with its front legs, leading to fertilization of the eggs deposited by the female. Any deviation to this characteristic mating strategy is known as abnormal amplexus. This phenomenon can be categorized into specific types, including multiple amplexus (Ayres, 2008), amplexus from the abdominal side; amplexus between a living
TL;DR: The taxonomic composition of I. marmoreus mainly consists of generalist helminths, with nematodes being the predominant parasites found, confirming the terrestrial habits of this toad.
Abstract: In June 2014, 30 marbled toads (Incilius marmoreus) from Oaxaca, Mexico were examined for helminths. We collected a total of 3,783 helminths belonging to 13 taxa: 4 digenean, 1 cestode, 1 acanthocephalan, and 7 nematoda. The nematode Physocephalus sp. was the most prevalent (63.3%) followed by Aplectana sp., which had the highest mean intensity (114.3) and mean abundance (63.8) that we recorded. The taxonomic composition of I. marmoreus mainly consists of generalist helminths, with nematodes being the predominant parasites found, confirming the terrestrial habits of this toad. The main route of helminth acquisition was ingestion of larvae and/or intermediate hosts, a process that also likely contributes to the high abundance of individuals in the toads. The knowledge of the helminth fauna associated to the 39 toad species distributed in Mexico is scarce and fragmentary, and our study presents results for only the second bufonid species studied in this region.