TL;DR: The most primitive tribe of the anthophorid subfamily Xylocopinae (Manueliini, new tribe) and the most primitive Apidae (Bombinae: Euglossini) share various morphological synapomorphies, relative to other Anthophorids, that suggest their common origin.
Abstract: The most primitive tribe of the anthophorid subfamily Xylocopinae (Manueliini, new tribe) and the most primitive Apidae (Bombinae: Euglossini) share various morphological synapomorphies, relative to other anthophorids, that suggest their common origin. Xylocopinae and Apidae appear to be sister groups derived from a common ancestor in the paraphyletic anthophorid complex. The relation of Xylocopinae to Apidae is supported by biological synapomorphies such as a potential for social behavior, usually a lack of cell linings secreted by Dufour's gland (found in most other Anthophoridae), long adult life, and perhaps direct food transfer between adults and food storage for adult consumption. Prerequisites for evolution of social behavior may have characterized the common ancestor of Xylocopinae and Apidae. A key to the tribes of Xylocopinae is included.
TL;DR: This paper reports on nesting substrates, nest architecture, nesting behaviours, life cycle, and interactions between females at nesting sites, for M. postica, a solitary genus of bees found mainly in Chile.
Abstract: The Xylocopinae contains four tribes with species which show a range of nesting habits, from solitary to social. The Manueliini is the sister group to all other Xylocopine tribes, with one genus, Manuelia, of three species found mainly in Chile. This is a solitary genus, whose biology is scarcely known for two species, M. gayatina and M. gayi, and so far completely unknown for M. postica. This paper reports on nesting substrates, nest architecture, nesting behaviours, life cycle, and interactions between females at nesting sites, for M. postica. The results indicate that M. postica presents some features which are typical of solitary life, and also some features which are unusual in solitary bees but have been reported in phylogenetically more apical social species. Our findings open interesting questions on the ecological scenarios involved in the evolution of sociality within the Xylocopinae.