Machine code

Abstract: A new invention, the cellular neural network (CNN) universal machine and supercomputer, is presented. This is the first algorithmically programmable analog array computer having real-time and supercomputer power on a single chip. The CNN universal machine is described, emphasizing its programmability as well as global and distributed analog memory and logic, high throughput via electromagnetic waves, and complex cells that may be used also for simulating a broad class of PDEs. Its implementation, the CNN universal chip, is also described, along with its use of a multichip supercomputer. Other types of hardware implementations are also briefly discussed. Details of the algorithmic aspects of the new type of analogic (analog logic) algorithms, as well as the analogic software (language, compiler, machine code, etc.) are explained, along with a brief description of the available CNN workstation for implementing and simulating these new concepts. A broad range of applications is reviewed, including neuromorphic computing, programmable physics, programmable chemistry, and programmable bionics. >

Abstract: A great deal of software is distributed in the form of executable code. The ability to reverse engineer such executables can create opportunities for theft of intellectual property via software piracy, as well as security breaches by allowing attackers to discover vulnerabilities in an application. The process of reverse engineering an executable program typically begins with disassembly, which translates machine code to assembly code. This is then followed by various decompilation steps that aim to recover higher-level abstractions from the assembly code. Most of the work to date on code obfuscation has focused on disrupting or confusing the decompilation phase. This paper, by contrast, focuses on the initial disassembly phase. Our goal is to disrupt the static disassembly process so as to make programs harder to disassemble correctly. We describe two widely used static disassembly algorithms, and discuss techniques to thwart each of them. Experimental results indicate that significant portions of executables that have been obfuscated using our techniques are disassembled incorrectly, thereby showing the efficacy of our methods.

Abstract: This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of Native Client, a sandbox for untrusted x86 native code. Native Client aims to give browser-based applications the computational performance of native applications without compromising safety. Native Client uses software fault isolation and a secure runtime to direct system interaction and side effects through interfaces managed by Native Client. Native Client provides operating system portability for binary code while supporting performance-oriented features generally absent from web application programming environments, such as thread support, instruction set extensions such as SSE, and use of compiler intrinsics and hand-coded assembler. We combine these properties in an open architecture that encourages community review and 3rd-party tools.

Abstract: This paper describes the design, implementation and evaluation of Native Client, a sandbox for untrusted x86 native code. Native Client aims to give browser-based applications the computational performance of native applications without compromising safety. Native Client uses software fault isolation and a secure runtime to direct system interaction and side effects through interfaces managed by Native Client. Native Client provides operating system portability for binary code while supporting performance-oriented features generally absent from web application programming environments, such as thread support, instruction set extensions such as SSE, and use of compiler intrinsics and hand-coded assembler. We combine these properties in an open architecture that encourages community review and 3rd-party tools.