Topic
Luehea
About: Luehea is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 31 publications have been published within this topic receiving 2762 citations.
Papers
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that current estimates of Arthropod species numbers are grossly underestimated; that there could be as many as 30 million species extant globally, not 1.5 million a, usually estimated.
Abstract: Extrapolation from data about canopy insects collected by fogging methods together with estimates of tropical plant host specificity indicate that one hectare of unrich seasonal forest in Panama may have in excess of 41,000 species of arthropods. Further extrapolation of available data based on known relative richness of insect Orders and canopy richness leads to the conclusion that current estimates of Arthropod species numbers are grossly underestimated; that there could be as many as 30 million species extant globally, not 1.5 million a, usually estimated. Since the early days of naturalists, there has been the question of how many species there were in the forests of the tropics. Bates (1892) wrote of collecting more than 700 species of butterflies within an hour's walk of his home in Para, Brazil. Many have guessed that the arthropod fauna of the world today contains between 1.5 to 10 million species. No hard data are available however, and these estimates are less than reliable and as a result misleading. In a recent paper, Erwin and Scott (1980) provided the first hard data with regard to the Coleoptera fauna of a single species of tree in the tropical seasonal forest of Panama. Also recently, Peter Raven of the Missouri Botanical Gardens wrote me with the same inquiry that Bates had pondered-"How many species are there in one acre of rich tropical forest?" With the hard data available from the Panama study, I set out to give as close an estimate as possible and was shocked by my conclusions. The tropical tree Luehea seemannii is a medium-sized seasonal forest evergreen tree with open canopy, large and wide-spaced leaves. The trees sampled (n = 19) had few epiphytes or lianas generally, certainly not the epiphytic load normally thought of as being rich. These 19 trees over a three season sampling regime produced 955+ species of beetles, excluding weevils. In other samples now being processed from Brazil, there are as many weevils as leaf-beetles, usually more, so I added 206 (weevils) to the Luehea count and rounded to 1,200 for convenience. There can be as many as 245 species of trees in one hectare of rich forest in the tropics, often some of these in the same genus. Usually there are between 40 to 100 species and/or genera, so I used 70 as an average number of genus-group trees where host-specificity might play a role with regard to arthropods. No data are available with which to judge the proportion of host-specific arthropods per trophic group anywhere, let alone the tropics. So conservatively, I allowed 20% of the Luehea herbivorous beetles to be host-specific (i.e., must use this tree species in some way for successful reproduction), 5% of the predators (i.e., are tied to one or more of the hostspecific herbivores), 10% of the fungivores (i.e., are tied to fungus associated only with this tree), and 5% of the scavengers (i.e., are associated in some way with only the tree or with the other three trophic groups) (Table 1).
1,022 citations
TL;DR: Stem water storage capacity and diurnal patterns of water use were studied in five canopy trees of a seasonal tropical forest in Panama as mentioned in this paper, where Sap flow was measured simultaneously at the top and at the base of each tree using constant energy input thermal probes inserted in the sapwood.
Abstract: Stem water storage capacity and diurnal patterns of water use were studied in five canopy trees of a seasonal tropical forest in Panama. Sap flow was measured simultaneously at the top and at the base of each tree using constant energy input thermal probes inserted in the sapwood. The daily stem storage capacity was calculated by comparing the diurnal patterns of basal and crown sap flow. The amount of water withdrawn from storage and subsequently replaced daily ranged from 4 kg d–1 in a 0·20-m-diameter individual of Cecropia longipes to 54 kg d–1 in a 1·02-m-diameter individual of Anacardium excelsum, representing 9–15% of the total daily water loss, respectively. Ficus insipida, Luehea seemannii and Spondias mombin had intermediate diurnal water storage capacities. Trees with greater storage capacity maintained maximum rates of transpiration for a substantially longer fraction of the day than trees with smaller water storage capacity. All five trees conformed to a common linear relationship between diurnal storage capacity and basal sapwood area, suggesting that this relationship was species-independent and size-specific for trees at the study site. According to this relationship there was an increment of 10 kg of diurnal water storage capacity for every 0·1 m2 increase in basal sapwood area. The diurnal withdrawal of water from, and refill of, internal stores was a dynamic process, tightly coupled to fluctuations in environmental conditions. The variations in basal and crown sap flow were more synchronized after 1100 h when internal reserves were mostly depleted. Stem water storage may partially compensate for increases in axial hydraulic resistance with tree size and thus play an important role in regulating the water status of leaves exposed to the large diurnal variations in evaporative demand that occur in the upper canopy of seasonal lowland tropical forests.
520 citations
TL;DR: All trees @>2.5 cm dbh were censused on a 1.5—ha tract of 60—yr—old tropical moist forest in 1968 and again in 1978 to determine rates of tree mortality, recruitment, dbh increment, and canopy gap formation.
Abstract: All trees @>25 cm dbh were censused on a 15—ha tract of 60—yr—old tropical moist forest in 1968 and again in 1978 to determine rates of tree mortality, recruitment, dbh increment, and canopy gap formation Species composition changed very little The pioneer of gap species Cordia alliodora, Luehea seemanii, and Spondias radlkoferi had no recruitment and accounted for most mortality in the larger size classes Ninety percent of all mortality was for stems <10 cm dbh Total tree density decline 11% (from 3112 to 2781 trees/ha), but basal area increased 22% (from 257 to 314 m2/ha) Growth in diameter was highly variable, both among species and among size classes Trees in the 30—50 cm dbh class had a mean dbh increment of 09 cm/yr Gaps occurred over an area equal to 73% of the plot during the 10—yr period, suggesting that about 137 yr would be required for the 15—ha plot to be affected by tree falls
213 citations
TL;DR: The combination of high TNC concentrations and the large biomass of branches, trunks, and roots indicates these species are storing and moving large quantities of carbohydrates.
Abstract: We examined the seasonal variation in total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) concentrations in branch, trunk, and root tissues of Anacardium excelsum, Luehea seemannii, Cecropia longipes, and Urera caracas- ana growing in a seasonally dry forest in Panama. Our main goals were: (1) to determine the main sites of carbo- hydrate storage, and (2) to determine if seasonal patterns of carbohydrate storage are related to seasonal asynchro- nies in carbon supply and demand. We expected asynchro- nies to be related to seasonal variation in water and light availability and to foliar and reproductive phenology. Cecropia and Urera are fully drought-deciduous and so we expected them to exhibit the most dramatic seasonal variation in TNC concentrations. We predicted that maxi- mum carbon supply would occur when canopies were at their fullest and that maximum carbon demand would oc- cur when leaves, flowers, and fruits were produced. The concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates was as- sessed monthly in wood tissue of roots and in wood and bark tissue of terminal branches. Trunk tissue was sam- pled bimonthly. All tissues sampled served as storage sites for carbohydrates. As predicted, TNC concentrations var- ied most dramatically in branches of Cecropia and Urera: a 4-fold difference was observed between dry season max- ima and wet season minima in branch wood tissue. Peak concentrations exceeded 25% in Urera and 30% in Cecr- opia. Less dramatic but significant seasonal variation was observed in Anacardium and Luehea. In all species, mini- mum branch TNC concentrations were measured during canopy rebuilding. In Anacardium, maximum branch TNC concentrations occurred when canopies were at their fullest. In Cecro-pia, Urera, and Luehea, TNC concentra- tions continued to increase even as canopies thinned in the early dry season. The greater photosynthetic capacity of leaves produced at the beginning of the dry season and the potential for the export of carbohydrates from senescing leaves may explain this pattern. In all species, the phenol- ogy of carbon gain was more important than the phenolo- gy of reproduction in influencing seasonal carbohydrate patterns. The combination of high TNC concentrations and the large biomass of branches, trunks, and roots indi- cates these species are storing and moving large quantities of carbohydrates.
139 citations
TL;DR: Examination of acquisition of techniques used to process Luehea candida fruits in a wild population of white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus, residing in and near Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica revealed that the technique most frequently observed significantly predicted the technique adopted by female observers, particularly in the second year of life.
Abstract: Researchers of “culture” have long been interested in the role of social learning in establishing patterns of behavioral variation in wild animals, but very few studies examine this issue using a developmental approach. This 7-year study examines the acquisition of techniques used to process Luehea candida fruits in a wild population of white-faced capuchin monkeys, Cebus capucinus, residing in and near Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve, Costa Rica. The two techniques for extracting seeds (pounding or scrubbing) were approximately equal in efficiency, and subjects experimented with both techniques before settling on one technique—typically the one they most frequently observed. In a sample of 106 subjects that had already settled on a preferred technique, the females adopted the maternal technique significantly more often than expected by chance, but the males did not. Using a longitudinal approach, I examined the acquisition of Luehea processing techniques during the first 5 years of life. Regression analysis revealed that the technique most frequently observed (measured as proportion of Luehea processing bouts observed that used pounding as opposed to scrubbing) significantly predicted the technique adopted by female observers, particularly in the second year of life; the amount of impact of the observed technique on the practiced technique was somewhat less significant for male observers. These results held true for (a) observations of maternal technique only, (b) observations of technique used by all individuals other than the mother, and (c) observations of maternal and non-maternal techniques combined.
97 citations
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Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
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| 2020 | 1 |
| 2019 | 1 |
| 2018 | 1 |
| 2017 | 1 |
| 2016 | 2 |
| 2015 | 1 |