Lofting

Abstract: We have added convective ice lofting to a Lagrangian trajectory model of near-tropopause water vapor (H2O) and its isotopologue HDO. The ice lofting simulation is based on a parameterization derived from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) icewater content measurements. In previous papers, the Lagrangian model has accurately interannual and seasonal H2O abundances; there was no need for convection to be included in the model. We show here that this model does a poor job of simulating near-tropopause HDO, but that the addition of convective ice lofting greatly improves the HDO simulation. Convective ice lofting has a small effect on lower stratospheric H2O. H2O there is set by the minimum temperature encountered at the cold-point tropopause, so H2O added by convection below this level does not make it through this cold point and into the lower stratosphere. Thus, adding convection to the model does not degrade the model's previously demonstrated accurate simulations of H2O. We conclude that the HDO data suggest an important role for convective mass flux into the so-called tropical tropopause layer.

Abstract: The Australian bushfires of 2019/20 produced an unusually large number of pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) that injected huge amounts of smoke into the lower stratosphere. The pyroCbs from 29 December 2019 to 4 January 2020 were particularly intense, producing hemispheric-wide aerosol that persisted for months. One plume from this so-called Australian New Year (ANY) event evolved into a stratospheric aerosol mass ~1000 km across and several kilometers thick. This plume initially moved eastward toward South America in January, then reversed course and moved westward passing south of Australia in February and eventually reached South Africa in early March. The peculiar motion was related to the steady rise in plume potential temperature of ~8 K day−1 in January and ~6 K day−1 in February, due to local heating by smoke absorption of solar radiation. This heating resulted in a vertical temperature anomaly dipole, a positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly, and anticyclonic circulation. We call this dynamical component of the smoke plume “smoke with induced rotation and lofting” (SWIRL). This study uses Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) analyses to detail the SWIRL structure over 2 months. The main diagnostic tool is an anticyclone edge calculation based on the scalar Q diagnostic. This provides the framework for calculating the time evolution of various SWIRL properties: PV anomaly, streamfunction, horizontal size, vertical thickness, flow speed, and tilt. In addition, we examine the temperature anomaly dipole, the SWIRL interaction with the large-scale wind shear, and the ozone anomaly associated with lofting of air from the lower to the middle stratosphere.

Abstract: This paper is the last of a series describing the surface lofting program CONSURF, and outlines how the program is used. The overall approach is geometrical and is modelled closely on manual lofting. The program user must have a practical understanding of shape and be able to visualize the surfaces he defines. He must also be numerate, but he does not need to understand the surface mathematics which is confined to the software.

Abstract: Turbidity currents are turbulent, sediment-laden gravity currents which can be generated in relatively shallow shelf settings and travel downslope before spreading out across deep-water abyssal plains. Because of the natural stratification of the oceans and/or fresh water river inputs to the source area, the interstitial fluid within which the particles are suspended will often be less dense than the deep-water ambient fluid. Consequently, a turbidity current may initially be denser than the ambient sea water and propagate as a ground-hugging flow, but later reverse in buoyancy as its bulk density decreases through sedimentation to become lower than that of the ambient sea water. When this occurs, all or part of the turbidity current lofts to form a buoyant sediment-laden cloud from which further deposition occurs. Deposition from such lofting turbidity currents, containing a mixture of fine and coarse sediment suspended in light interstitial fluid, is explored through analogue laboratory experiments complemented by theoretical analysis using a 'box and cloud' model. Particular attention is paid to the overall deposit geometry and to the distributions of fine and coarse material within the deposit. A range of beds can be deposited by bimodal lofting turbidity currents. Lofting may encourage the formation of tabular beds with a rapid pinch-out rather than the gradually tapering beds more typical of waning turbidity currents. Lofting may also decouple the fates of the finer and coarser sediment: depending on the initial flow composition, the coarse fraction can be deposited prior to or during buoyancy reversal, while the fine fraction can be swept upwards and away by the lofting cloud. An important feature of the results is the non-uniqueness of the deposit architecture: different initial current compositions can generate deposits with very similar bed profiles and grading characteristics, highlighting the difficulty of reconstructing the nature of the parent flow from field data. It is proposed that deposit emplacement by lofting turbidity currents is common in the geological record and may explain a range of features observed in deep-water massive sands, thinly bedded turbidite sequences and linked debrites, depending on the parent flow and its subsequent development. For example, a lofting flow may lead to a well sorted, largely ungraded or weakly graded bed if the fines are transported away by the cloud. However, a poorly sorted, largely ungraded region may form if, during buoyancy reversal, high local concentrations and associated hindered settling effects develop at the base of the cloud.