Lintel

Abstract: I. The imagery of the north portal of Saint-Lazare T he stone fragment with a relief representing Eve (P1. Ia), now in the Musee Rolin at Autun, was found in 1856 within the masonry of a demolished house. It belongs to the sculptured decoration of the north portal of Saint-Lazare, removed in 1766.1 A description of this portal, written in 1482 when the sculptures were still in place, says: '.. . in the tympanum, there is the story of the resurrection of... St. Lazarus sculptured in large stone images; and below this story there are images of Adam and Eve; and on the upper part of the pillar which divides the wings of said portal, there is a small image in the shape of a bishop with a mitre, representing St. Lazarus, and below this there are some other images in the old style.'2 Accordingly, if a relief with the Raising of Lazarus filled the greater part, if not all, of the tympanum,3 the stone block with the Eve relief must be a piece

Abstract: A precast panel has forms for flanges and a lintel embedded in place. Upon erection of the panel as a wall over a precast footing having an anchoring trough, this trough, the flanges and lintel may all be cast on-site, with appropriate reinforcing present within the core volumes that are filled with binder.

Abstract: Developments in the automation of construction processes, observable in recent years, is focused on speeding up the construction of buildings and structures. Additive manufacturing using concrete mixes are among the most promising technologies in this respect. 3D concrete printing allows the building up of structure by extruding a mix layer by layer. However, the mix initially has low capacity to transfer loads, which can be particularly troublesome in cases of external components that need to be placed on top such as precast lintels or floor beams. This article describes the application of additive manufacturing technology in the fabrication of a building wall model, in which the door opening was finished with automatic lintel installation. The research adjusts the wall design and printing process, accounting for the rheological and mechanical properties of the fresh concrete, as well as design requirements of Eurocode. The article demonstrates that the process can be planned precisely and how the growth of stress in fresh concrete can be simulated, against the strength level developed. The conclusions drawn from this research will be of use in designing larger civil structures. Furthermore, the adverse effects of concrete shrinkage on structures is also presented, together with appropriate methods of control.

Abstract: Openings are often introduced into shear walls in multistoried buildings for either architectural or environmental reasons. These openings reduce the efficiency and change the deformation characteristics of the shear walls, depending on the distribution of the loads and the geometry of the walls with openings. Variations of the material properties also affect the stress distribution. The use of the finite-element method in analyzing these problems is found to be convenient and more accurate than conventional approximate methods. A model shear wall problem is selected and analyzed by the finite-element method and the results are presented. It was observed that local distortions occurred at the junctions of the lintel beams and the shear walls due to the bending moments, shear forces, and axial loads carried by the lintel beams. Because of these distortions, the bending moments on the lintel beams were found to be much less than the bending moments obtained from other approximate methods of analysis.