TL;DR: In this article, the physicico-chemical characterization of raw shell powder (CaCO3) and CaO nanoparticles was carried out using TGA-DSC, XRD, FT-IR, HR-SEM and TEM.
Abstract: Calcium (Ca) is one among the major essential nutrients for plant growth and development. It activates enzymes, nitrate uptake, plant biomass ratio, the rate of photosynthesis and increase metabolisms. In the present study, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles were prepared using three marine molluscan shells. The elemental composition of three molluscan shells (Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis) was analyzed using XRF. The physico-chemical characterization of raw shell powder (CaCO3) and CaO nanoparticles was carried out using TGA–DSC, XRD, FT-IR, HR-SEM and TEM. TGA–DSC, a major weight loss peak, has been identified for all the three shells at a temperature range of 650–850 °C indicated the formation of CaCO3 into CaO. The average size of the CaO nanoparticles of Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis were determined to be 29, 32 and 25 nm, respectively. The effects on the plant growth as a nutrient source revealed that the CaO synthesized at nanoscale from all the marine molluscan shells (Lima lima, Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis) at a concentration of 250 ppm have given higher radicle growth (9.52, 7.92 and 8.12 cm), germination (100, 100 and 100%), shoot length (12.48, 12.12 and 12.40 cm), root length (13.02, 12.80 and 12.24 cm) and vigor index (2550, 2492 and 2464) then CaCO3 and normal control. Among the marine molluscan shells, the CaCO3 and CaO synthesized from Lima lima have effected high level of radicle growth and seed quality parameters then Lottioidea and Oliva reticularis.
TL;DR: A study of three bivalves of the genera Lima and Limaria has demonstrated that two evolutionary processes are at work within the Limidae; both are of major significance.
Abstract: A study of three bivalves of the genera Lima and Limaria has demonstrated that two evolutionary processes are at work within the Limidae; both are of major significance. The first process concerns a reduction in the importance of the shell as a means of protection and the assumption of such responsibility by the middle mantle fold possessing autotomising tentacles. The tentacles also aid swimming by undertaking a rowing action and the thin shell aids swimming by reducing the sinking rate. A second major evolutionary trend which facilitates swimming concerns the gradual changeover from a ciliary to a muscular based means of expelling pseudofaeces both posteriorly (as in the typical bivalve) and via a subsidiary anteriorly directed aperture; in less specialised limids this rejection tract is located ventrally. The anterior exhalant current has also profoundly affected the structure of the lip apparatus. To prevent food material from being flushed out of the oral grooves by this stream the lips have become f...