TL;DR: In this article, the pigments that give red copihue their characteristic color were investigated, and it was concluded that rhamnosyl- and glucosyl-derivatives of cyanidin, which present respectively an absorption maximum at 518 and 516 nm, confer the characteristic red color to redcopihues.
Abstract: The Copihue ( Lapageria rosea ), also known as the Chilean bellflower, is the national flower of Chile and is the only species in the genus Lapageria . The copihue’s tepals are commonly red, with white or pink being less common. The red color of the copihue has been glorified in legends, poems and popular songs. The present work studies the pigments that confer red copihues their characteristic color. The principal types of cyanidin present in red copihue’s tepals are cyanidin-3- O- rhamnosylglucoside, followed by cyanidin-3- O- glucoside, and while only the latter is detected in pink tepals and neither one are detected in white flowers. Based on the obtained results by HPLC-ESI-MS n and HPLC-DAD, it is concluded that rhamnosyl- and glucosyl-derivatives of cyanidin, which present respectively an absorption maximum at 518 and 516 nm, confer the characteristic red color to red copihues. Furthermore, glycosilated cyanidin derivatives, pigments derived from other anthocyanidins, were not detected in red copihue flowers even when they are present in other red flowering plants.
TL;DR: A difference between ES and SS in BT that should be explored is demonstrated to gain insights in understanding the processes of decomposition using the natural microcosms that ES provides and all of these factors correlated significantly among them.
Abstract: The temperate forests of south-central Chile belong to the association Lapageria aextoxiconetum Oberdorfer vegetation, dominated by Aextoxicon punctatum R. et P., elderly and multi-layered, where the strata are emergent, dominant and co-dominant, shrub and herbaceous epiphytes. This work is the first report of measurements of some biochemical properties in samples from vascular epiphytes substrate in temperate forests. We evaluated the most frequent ecological situations: bifurcated trees (BT), dead standing trees (SDT) and medium gap border trees (MGBT), ES were compared with the surrounding soil forest land (SS) as control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activities of substrate were higher in ES of BT, situation probably due to optimal micro-environmental conditions (moisture and humidity, temperature, organic matter (OM) content and nutrient availability); similarly, lower levels of activity were found in ES in MGBT situation. We found a statistically significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between evaluated microbial biomass and enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the biochemical properties were influenced by factors such as moisture, temperature, pH and OM content and all of these factors correlated significantly (P≤0.01) among them. These results demonstrate a difference between ES and SS in BT that should be explored to gain insights in understanding the processes of decomposition using the natural microcosms that ES provides.