Topic
Ladle
About: Ladle is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 14500 publications have been published within this topic receiving 46353 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
1 / 3
Papers
TL;DR: A review of the current state-of-the-art in the evaluation of steel cleanliness can be found in this paper, where a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes are discussed.
Abstract: This paper first reviews the current “state-of-the-art” in the evaluation of steel cleanliness, discussing over 20 different methods. The demand for cleaner steels requires lowering non-metallic oxide inclusions and also controlling their morphology, composition and size distribution. Because no single method can measure all of these aspects accurately, it is best to combine several methods together to quantify steel cleanliness in a given operation. Owing to the cost, time requirements, and sampling difficulties, steel cleanliness is widely inferred using total oxygen, nitrogen pick-up, and other indirect methods. Recent cleanliness values using these indicators are summarized for LCAK at many steel plants around the world. Secondly, this paper reviews operating practices to improve steel cleanliness at the ladle, tundish and continuous caster, emphasizing findings quantified with plant measurements. Inclusions come from many sources, including deoxidation, reoxidation, slag entrapment, refractory wear, and chemical reactions. They generate many defects such as cracks and slivers in the steel product. Steel cleanliness is controlled by attention to a wide range of important operating conditions throughout the steelmaking and casting processes. For ladle operations, FeO and MnO in the slag, ladle treatments, and inclusion modification are discussed. For tundish operations, tundish depth and capacity, casting transitions, refractory lining, tundish flux; gas stirring, and flow controls are discussed. Important transfer operations from ladle to tundish and from tundish to mold, such as argon protection, sealing issues, and SEN clogging are summarized. Caster operations reviewed include the effect of casting speed, fluid flow pattern control, surface level control, and caster curvature.
627 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the disintegrated ladle slag was made volume stable by water granulation, which consisted of 98% glass, and the leaching test showed that the glass-containing matrix did not prevent leaching of minor elements from the modified slags.
417 citations
TL;DR: X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of three ladle slag fine samples passing 100, 200 and 325 mesh indicates that the major mineral in the slag fines is γ-C 2 S, which does not show cementitious property in water as mentioned in this paper.
327 citations
01 Jan 1999-Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science
TL;DR: In this paper, a model was developed to predict the removal of alumina inclusions from molten steel in a continuous casting tundish, including the effects of turbulent collisions, reoxidation, flotation, and removal on the inclusion size distribution.
Abstract: Mathematical models have been developed to predict the removal of alumina inclusions from molten steel in a continuous casting tundish, including the effects of turbulent collisions, reoxidation, flotation, and removal on the inclusion size distribution. The trajectories of inclusion particles are tracked through the three-dimensional (3-D) flow distribution, which was calculated with the K-ɛ turbulence model and includes thermal buoyancy forces based on the coupled temperature distribution. The predicted distributions are most consistent with measurements if reoxidation is assumed to increase the number of small inclusions, collision agglomeration is accounted for, and inclusion removal rates are based on particle trajectories tracked through a nonisothermal 3-D flow pattern, including Stokes flotation based on a cluster density of 5000 kg/m3 and random motion due to turbulence. Steel samples should be taken from as deep as possible in the tundish near the outlet and at several residence times after the ladle is opened, in order to best measure the Al2O3 concentration entering the submerged entry nozzle to the mold. Inclusion removal rates vary greatly with size and with the presence of a protective slag cover to prevent reoxidation. The random motion of inclusions due to turbulence improves the relatively slow flotation of small inclusions to the top surface flux layer. However, it also promotes collisions, which slow down the relatively fast net removal rates of large inclusions. For the conditions modeled, the flow pattern reaches steady state soon after a new ladle opens, but the temperature and inclusion distributions continue to evolve even after 1.3 residence times. The removal of inclusions does not appear to depend on the tundish aspect ratio for the conditions and assumptions modeled. It is hoped that this work will inspire future measurements and the development of more comprehensive models of inclusion removal. These validated models should serve as powerful quantitative tools to predict and optimize inclusion removal during molten steel processing, leading to higher quality steel.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the hydraulic reactivity of ladle slag fine under autoclaving conditions was investigated and it was shown that a combination of a ladle fine and a siliceous material, such as silica flour, can eliminate the soundness problem and give very high strength.
171 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 68 |
| 2024 | 110 |
| 2023 | 124 |
| 2022 | 210 |
| 2021 | 126 |
| 2020 | 537 |