TL;DR: This paper presents a new gnetophyte from the Late Carnian (Late Triassic) of Texas and its bearing on the origin of the angiosperm carpel and stamen as well as a comparison of alternative hypotheses for theorigin of angiosperms.
Abstract: Introduction: The challenge of flowering plant history Morphology and leaf architecture of glossopterids and other reticulate gymnosperm leaves A new gnetophyte from the Late Carnian (Late Triassic) of Texas and its bearing on the origin of the angiosperm carpel and stamen Wood anatomy of primitive angiosperms: new perspectives and syntheses Evidence for the earliest stage of angiosperm pollen evolution: a paleoequatorial section from Israel The origin and evolution of the angiosperm carpel Floral structure, development and relationships of paleoherbs: Saruma, Cabomba, Lactoris and selected Piperales The origin of the angiosperm flower Evidence for, and implications of, an herbaceous origin of angiosperms Comparison of alternative hypotheses for the origin of the angiosperms The least specialized angiosperms Molecular phylogeny and the diversification of the angiosperms Appendix: Stratigraphic timescale Index.
TL;DR: Piperales Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam.
TL;DR: This study addresses the overall generic relationships in Aristolochiaceae and its position in Piperales based on dense taxon sampling and sequence data from the plastid trnL-F region and proposed two subfamilies, Asaroideae and Aristolchioideae, gain maximum statistical support.
Abstract: Aristolochiaceae, a family of worldwide distribution comprising about 500 species, is a member of Piperales. Although Piperales is clearly monophyletic, the precise relationship within the order is ambiguous due to inconsistent placement of Lactoris fernandeziana. The appearance in some studies of Lactoris within Aristolochiaceae and the incongruence in generic treatments have also raised questions about the infrastructure of the family. This study addresses the overall generic relationships in Aristolochiaceae and its position in Piperales based on dense taxon sampling and sequence data from the plastid trnL-F region. The study resolved Piperales consisting of two major clades (Piperaceae plus Saururaceae and Lactoridaceae plus Aristolochiaceae) and Lactoris nested within Aristolochiaceae but with low support. The concept of two subfamilies in Aristolochiaceae, Asaroideae and Aristolochioideae, gains maximum statistical support. A generic treatment of Aristolochiaceae based on trnL-F is proposed which is congruent with recent analyses based on morphological characters.
TL;DR: A robust phylogenetic background is provided to address the evolutionary history of an important and highly diverse clade of early-diverging angiosperms and confirms two major clades in Magnoliidae: Canellales+Piperales and Laurales+Magnoliales.
TL;DR: Mature wood of Lactoris, not previously available for study, reveals ten distinctive characters that are consonant with placement of L actoridaceae in Piperales, in which it would be more primitive than Piperaceae or Saururaceae.
Abstract: Mature wood of Lactoris, not previously available for study, reveals ten distinctive characters: vessels with simple perforation plates; vessels in pore multiples; vessel-to-axial parenchyma pits scalariform or transitional, vessel-to-vessel pits alternate; fiber-tracheids with vestigial pits; fiber-tracheids, vessels, and axial parenchyma storied; axial parenchyma vasicentric scanty; axial parenchyma either not subdivided or, if subdivided, with thin nonlignified walls between the cells (like the septa in septate fibers); rays wide and tall, little altered during ontogeny; ray cells upright; and ray cells taller adjacent to fascicular areas All of these features occur in woods of Piper and other Piperaceae The systematic position of Lactoris is therefore reassessed Evidence available to date is consonant with placement of Lactoridaceae in Piperales, in which it would be more primitive than Piperaceae or Saururaceae Features cited as evidence for