TL;DR: The results based on mtDNA sequences suggest that the genera Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, Leptopoma, and Cyathopoma are monophyletic while the traditional genus Japonia appeared polyphyletic and then J. zebra should be moved to the new genus Pilosphaera.
Abstract: Cyclophoridae is the dominant family of operculated terrestrial snails in East Asia. The group consists of four subfamilies and approximately 300 species that are currently classified into 34 genera. The species occupy various habitatsand show a high morphological diversity. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of this group have not previously been discussed. In order to uncover the relationships within the family, we sequenced parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and of the 16S rRNA gene from 32 species of 10 genera of cyclophorid and established the phylogenetic tree using neighbor joining, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses to construct phylogenetic trees. The results based on mtDNA sequences suggest that the genera Cyclophorus, Cyclotus, Leptopoma, and Cyathopoma are monophyletic while the traditional genus Japonia appeared polyphyletic and then J. zebra should be moved to the new genus Pilosphaera. In addition, Pilosphaera yentoensis n. sp. and Japonia boonkioensis n. sp. are described in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the main links of China's security, both in the past and today, involve the relations of that state with Japan, which are strongly affected by the historical factor, economic conditions and trends of both countries to perform a leading role in Eastern Asia.
Abstract: Abstrakt: Japonia w polityce bezpieczenstwa ChRLJednym z glownych ogniw bezpieczenstwa Chin, zarowno w przeszlości, jak i wspolcześnie, są relacje z tego panstwa z Japonią, na ktore silnie oddzialują czynnik historyczny, uwarunkowania gospodarcze i tendencje obu krajow do pelnienia wiodącej roli w regionie Azji Wschodniej. Najistotniejszym problemem, wplywającym na stan wzajemnych stosunkow, jest rosnący konflikt dotyczący zasiegu wplywow na obszarach morskich, a w szczegolności wysp Senkaku/Diaoyu. Istotne miejsce zarowno w polityce ChRL jak tez Japonii zajmuje problem niezalezności Tajwanu. W celu zabezpieczenia wlasnych interesow Chiny podejmują polityczne decyzje dotyczące obszaru wchodzącego w zakres wlasnej strefy wplywow, intensywnie rozwijają potencjal zbrojny marynarki wojennej, co powoduje adekwatną reakcje Japonii, ktorej podstawą bezpieczenstwa jest dotychczas sojusz ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi. W konsekwencji ujawniają sie rosnące napiecia miedzy rządami obu panstw i rozwijają sie nacjonalistyczne postawy obu spoleczenstw.Slowa kluczowe: polityka bezpieczenstwa Chinskiej Republiki Ludowej, wspolpraca gospodarcza, potencjal sil marynarki wojennej, uwarunkowania geopolityczne, Tajwan, Senkaku/Diaoyu. Abstract: Japan in security policy of the PRCOne of the main links of China's security, both in the past and today, involve the relations of that state with Japan, which are strongly affected by the historical factor, economic conditions and trends of both countries to perform a leading role in Eastern Asia. The most important problem affecting the relations is a growing conflict about the range of impacts on marine areas, in particular the islands of Senkaku/Diaoyu. Taiwan independence plays an important role in the politics of both the PRC and Japan. In order to protect own interests, China takes political decisions about the area falling within its own sphere of influence, intensively develop the potential of armed navy, which causes the adequate reaction of Japan, based on security is the alliance with the United States. As a consequence, growing tension can be observed between the governments of the two states, and nationalistic attitudes of both societies develop.Keywords: security policy of the People's Republic of China, economic cooperation, naval forces, geopolitical considerations, Taiwan, Senkaku/Diaoyu.