Abstract: The Olympia interglacial sediments in the Interior Plateau region of British Columbia contain several thin, fine-grained rhyolitic and dacitic tephras, which undoubtedly represent the distal portio...

Abstract: Core V19-301 (south of Cape Verde Islands) has been analysed in detail for (i) size distribution of quartz grains, (ii) mineralogy, (iii) colour and organic carbon (iv) G. menardii foraminifera, and (v) total foraminifera and carbonate. These results are compared with those previously obtained on core V23-100 (north of Cape Verde Islands). It is believed that the carbonate variations can be used to establish simultaneity between the cores, and thus the following climatic data emerge: ( a ) During glacial stages the trade winds were more vigorous than normal for the region north of the Cape Verdes; but the wintertime Harmattan was weaker than normal for the region south of the Cape Verdes. ( b ) The land to the north of Dakar remained desert, and was especially arid during glacials, whereas to the south of Dakar conditions oscillated between desert during interglacials, and savannah during glacials, ( c ) These wind and rainfall oscillations were more rapid and less excursive at around 0.7 Ma than they were in later glacial cycles.

Abstract: THE time gap between the upper limit of radiocarbon dating (≈60,000 yr BP) and the lower limit of dates generally obtainable using the K–Ar method (≈250,000 yr BP) accounts for the scarcity of dates for the last two interglaciations (the Ipswichian and Hoxnian of Britain; the Eemian and Holsteinian of northern Europe). Accordingly, the ages of such important fossils as the Swanscombe and Steinheim skulls can only be guessed at. For that reason, the adaptation of a method that may date these interglacial periods is highly desirable. We discuss here the application of a uranium-series dating technique pertaining to that span of time.

Abstract: The stratigraphy of the Pleistocene deposits at Stone is described. A threefold division of the deposits is apparent, providing evidence of two separate phases of aggradation. The earlier phase is represented by the fluvial Lower Gravel, occupying a depression cut in Tertiary rocks to below present sea-level. This aggradation predates the rise of sea-level in the Ipswichian interglacial. Ipswichian organic deposits rest on the dissected surface of the Lower Gravel. Alternating brackish and fresher water horizons suggest an intermittent rise of sea-level in Zone f of the interglacial. The fluvial Upper Gravel appears to overlie the Zone f deposits, and may indicate deteriorating climatic conditions towards the end of the interglacial.

Abstract: A PRELIMINARY account is given of a richly fossiliferous interglacial deposit of Middle Pleistocene age at Sugworth, near Oxford, UK.

Abstract: Uranium-series dating of fossil shells and bone yielded an average age of 127,000 ± 8,000 yr for the fossiliferous deposit of the South Bight II marine transgression at Amchitka Island, Aleutians. These Pleistocene beds were deposited during an interglacial high sea stand contemporaneous with the well-dated period of coral-reef formation on Hawaii and Barbados about 125,000 yr ago.

Abstract: Some coastal sand dunes, such as the Himi, Uchinada, Katayamazu and Sanribama dunes, are distributed widely along the coast of the Japan Sea in the central Japan. I have made for about two decades research of the coastal sand dunes throughout the Japanese Islands, especially the Hokuriku district, from the view points of the age of formation of sand dunes, palaeoenvironment during the time of the formation of sand dunes and the relationship between the age of formation and change of sea-level.In this article I have proved the following six items in regard to the coastal sand dunes of the Hokuriku district:(1) Summary of some gists of the distribution, arrangement, basement and age of formation of the coastal sand dunes.(2) The age of formation of the coastal sand dunes which are distributed in the Hokuriku district is divided into seven periods as follows: First period-the Late Pleistocene Riss/Wurm Interglacial age, Hiradoko stage; Second period-the late substage of the Earliest Jomonian age to the early substage of the Early Jomonian age; Third period-the late substage of the Early Jomonian age, the highest sea-level stage of the Flandrian transgression age; Fourth period-the earliest substage of the Middle Jomonian age; Fifth period-the Late Jomonian age to Yayoian age; Sixth period-the early substage of the Tumulusian age, the old tomb age, the Minor transgression age; Seventh period-the middle Muromachi age. Among them, the time when larger dunes were formed is the fourth, fifth and sixth periods.(3) Judging from the view point of relationship between the formation of the coastal sand dunes and the palaeoenvironment in the time of formation, both the palaeotemperature and palaeomoisture during the Holocene epoch were not in direct connection with the formation of the coastal sand dunes.(4) The necessary conditions for the formation of the coastal sand dunes are the following: (a) supply of sand, (b) migration of sand, and (c) sedimentation of sand. The conditions were prescribed by a position of strand line, it needs the fix of the position of the strand line for the formation of the coastal sand dunes.(5) From the view point of relationship between the change of sea-level and the formation of the coastal sand dunes, when the environment was changed topographically by the change of sea-level, a scale of sand dune may be changed by the fact that the above-mentioned three conditions are promoted or hindered under this changed environment. Roughly speaking, better conditions for the formation of sand dune may be just after the time when a sea-level changes from rising to lowering.(6) The relationship between the relative change of sea-level, the change of palaeoenvironment and the formation of the coastal sand dunes in every stage of the Holocene epoch is described in this article in the concrete.

Abstract: DURING the late Cainozoic, alternations between interglacial and glacial conditions, manifested by waning and waxing of continental ice sheets coincided with the rise and fall of seawater temperatures. Our palaeontological and oxygen isotope data indicate that although the major oceans and low latititude seas underwent large temperature variations, ∼ 5–10 °C, Arctic water temperatures remained near freezing point for at least the past 3 Myr, the time interval represented by the longest studied cores. We have determined palaeotemperatures from the ratio of left to right coiling Globigerina pachyderma1–3 and calculated palaeosalinities using the oxygen isotope palaeotemperature expression of Epstein et al.4.

Abstract: Por, F. D. (Department of Zoology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel) 197g. Pleistocene pulsation and preadaptation of biotas in mediterranean seas: consequences for Lessepsian migration. Syst. Zool. 24:72-78.-The concept of two biotic assemblages in mediterranean seas is developed. The two assemblages correspond to the two extreme glacial situation 'which recur periodically. Present changes in these seas, natural or manmade, either enhance or inhibit these two elements. The Lessepsian migrants represent the glacial assemblage of the Red Sea, and in the Mediterranean, they play the opposite role of the interglacial assemblage. They will expand or withdraw in their new environment according to the future improvement or deterioration of the world climate. [Pleistocene; mediterranean seas; zoogeography.] PLEISTOCENE CONDITIONS IN

Abstract: PALYNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PREGLACIAL SEDIMENTS OF PONURZYCA (OTWOCK AREA) Summary A pollen diagram has been established on the basis of palynological spectra of 38 samples of preglacial sediments from the Ponurzyca sequence (geological material provided by the Geological Institute). In this diagram four periods of vegetation development can be distinguished. Period I (bottom part of the diagram) characterized by a highly differentiated plant assemblage has been defined as the oak-alder period. Then mesophilous forest of interglacial type prevailed. In dry habitats these were oak-hornbeam forests with elm, Pterocarya , and Carya admixtures on wet ground. Wet river valleys were occupied by alder forests with trees of the Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae group. The share of herbaceous plants did not exceed 30% and the Tertiary elements, with the exception of Pterocarya, Carya and the Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae group, were of minor significance. Then the climate was moderately warm typical of younger interglacial periods. In period II/III (the middle part of the diagram) sporomorphs of coniferous trees clearly prevail over the deciduous plants being very abundant (up to 60%). The mesophilous deciduous forests were replaced by pine-spruce forests with a considerable birch admixture. Outside the forests patches of brush vegetation with Betula nana and grass communities with Artemisia , Chenopodiaceae , Caryophyllaceae , and Thalictrum developed. In this period the climate was cool and close to subarctic. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:35.45pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} During period IV the mesophilous of inlerglacial character returned. However, these forests were poorer than those of period I and the herbaceous plants were more abundant (up to 40%). Tertiary plants occurred only in trace amounts. The climate was warmer than that of the middle portion of period II/III but cooler than of period I. Comparative studies of the vegetation of the periods distinguished at Ponurzyca and other Early Pleistocene vegetation of Western Europe and Lithuania revealed that the palynologically documented portions of the preglacial series of the Otwock area embrace a part of the Tiglian Interglacial (period I), the Eburonian Glaciation (period II/III), and a part of the Waalian Interglacial (period IV). No affinities exist to the so-called preglacial sediments of Warsaw (Ochota) and the two sequences differ clearly in their palynology. In the Ochota sequence the Tertiary element plays a substantial role in the pollen spectra (more than 50%), whereas in the Ponurzyca sequence it is of minor significance. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:35.45pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Abstract: THE PONURZYCA SEQUENCE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ORIGIN AND AGE OF THE MAZOVIA PREGLACIAL Summary Geological field studies carried out in the Otwock area provided materials discussed in the present paper. The geological structure has been recognized from geological mapping and drilling records. Five boreholes encountered a sedimentary series that, in its thickness, position and composition, shows some affinities to the preglacial sediments of the south Mazovia alluvial fan. Detailed geological and palynological studies created a basis for a new interpretation of the deposition and age of the sediments of the Otwock area. This is of substantial significance for the recognition and interpretation of all the preglacial sediments in Mazovia and areas adjacent in the south. The best results have been obtained from the Ponurzyca sequence that most likely is situated in a narrow zone of Quaternary basement disturbances. However, no disturbance evidence has been found in the preglacial sediments. The preglacial sediments of the Otwock area lie at the top of a highly monotonous Pliocene series accumulated under large-scale depositional rythm. In contrast, the preglacial sediments (74–104 m a.s.1.) have a small and very variable depositional rythm (depositional cycles I, II, III, IV and depositional sequences 1-11). Stratigraphically the discussed preglacial sediments are overlain by sediments of the Kromer, Mazovia (Great), and Eemian Interglacials and of the South Polish (Cracow), Middle Polish Glaciations and extraglacial sediments of the Baltic Glaciation. Holocene sediments also occur above the preglacial material. Two depositional areas of the preglacial series – the valley and the upland area (Fig. 1) as well as two facies types of the sediments have been distinguished near Otwock. Sediments laid down by streams that formed fans prevailed. The fiuvial sediments are separated by lacustrine material that terminates the majority of the depositional cycles and sequences. Lacustrine sediments are fairly abundant and sometimes make up more than 50% of the whole sequence. Hence the lacustrine-fluvial (the Ponurzyca sequence) and the fluvial-lacustrine (other sequences) facies types have been distinguished. The sediments show some features of the deluvial transport indicating that this was an additional accumulation factor. Within the preglacial series of Ponurzyca abundant plant remnants indicate these sediments to be of Quaternary age and to correspond, in the sections examined, to two warm periods of interglacial character separated by a cool period with a climate close to subarctic (L. Stuchlik, 1975). The substantial clues pointing to the Quaternary age of the sediments are the very frequent lithological changes that distinguish them from the Pliocene sequence. This variation corresponds to the rapid climatic rythms that are known to occur in the period of Quaternary glaciations. It should be mentioned, however, that the climatic changes evidenced by palynological results do not fully coincide with the depositional sequences the origin of which must be due to other factors as well. The new stratigraphic units distinguished on the basis of the Ponurzyca sequence are proposed to be named (going upwards) the Ponurzyca Interglacial the Otwock Glaciation and the Celestynow Interglacial. The Uppermost part of the Ponurzyca preglacial series probably belongs to the Podlasie Glaciation. Geological evidence indicates the possibility of a detailed division of the Otwock Glaciation into units of the stade and phase rank. At present the Ponurzyca sequence (Fig. 2) is of reference value for the stratigraphy of the older part of the Quaternay in the Polish Lowlands. Normal 0 21 false false false PL X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Standardowy; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-indent:35.45pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}

Abstract: An ancient calcareous beach deposit is exposed in several quarries on Oahu, Hawaii, 25 ft (7.5 m) above mean sea level and is overlain by a reef of the 95-ft (29-m) stand of the sea of Yarmouth interglacial age. A solution unconformity separates the two deposits, indicating that the sea fell lower than 25 ft after the beach rock was deposited.

Abstract: Geological data show that high Andean habitats have been available for plant colonization only since the end of the Tertiary. The manner in which plant species moved into these habitats, the times during which, and the methods by which they differentiated during the Pleistocene varied altitudinally and latitudinally along the tropical Andes. The process of speciation in all areas, however, was the same as that in temperate environments, namely, geographic isolation and subsequent divergence. Except on the Altiplano, most plant species expanded their ranges during glacial periods when vegetation zones were lowered. In the northern paramos at elevations above treeline, colonization was greatest during glacial periods but has always occurred in a manner similar to that of oceanic islands. At lower elevations in the northern Andes, and along the Eastern Cordillera, direct migration was possible in glacial times because of increased contiguity of upper montane forest habitats. On the upper slopes of the west coast of Peru, glacial-age plant migrations were fostered more by changes in precipitation than by the lowering of vegetation belts. In all of these areas, interglacial periods were, and are, times of isolation and differentiation. Across the Altiplano in contrast, glacial periods were times of population fragmentation accompanied by differentiation and/or speciation.

Abstract: The Numedal River basin (6000 km2) in central and east Norway contains 3 × 109 m3 of clayey material, corresponding to a clay loam sediment, which contains 2 million tons of absorbed rare earth elements.