Abstract: Four radiocarbon age determinations indicate that the Bootlegger Cove Clay was deposited about 14,000 yrs ago. A new uranium-series age of 15,200 ± 2,800 yrs supports the radio-carbon age. In this age determination, U 234 /U 238 activity ratios are measured and correction is made for extraneous Th 230 . Previous uranium-series age determinations, ranging from 25,000 to 48,000 yrs, did not employ these procedures, and are seemingly invalid. The Bootlegger Cove Clay, which has been designated the type deposit for the Woronzofian transgression, is here interpreted to represent a marine transgression following the maximum development of the glaciation of Wisconsin age rather than an interstadial event of mid-Wisconsin age or an older glacial or interglacial event.

Abstract: Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, occupies a graben near the crest of the Sierra Nevada. The lake basin was formed by faulting and volcanism about 2 m.y. ago and contains more than 400 m of sediments. Alternating layers of well-layered sediments and sediments displaying chaotic internal reflections characterize the seismic reflection stratigraphy of the central lake basin. During Pleistocene glaciations, valley glaciers dammed Truckee Canyon, the lake9s outlet, raising the lake level. Joklhlaups (floods through breached ice dams) rapidly lowered the elevated lake level to the present lake level. It is postulated that glacial outwash deltas prograded out along the western, northern, and southern shores of the lake at elevated lake levels and slumped into the lake basin during the periods of rapid lake level lowering. Evidence for the slumping is seen in the irregular topography at the base of the western sidewall and chaotically reflecting sediment layers extending into the central lake basin. The slump layers are covered and underlain by Holocene and interglacial well-layered sediments of turbidite and suspensate rain origin. Three possible periods of glacial progradations followed by massive slumping are proposed and are correlated with the Hobart, Donner Lake, and Tahoe glaciations of the drainage basin. The more recent Tioga glaciation was less extensive than the other glaciations and resulted in limited slumping.

Abstract: Summary The Silver Pit, in the south-western North Sea, is shown to be a closed trench-like depression cut through till of Weichselian age. Its deeper southern part penetrates marine interglacial deposits below the till. The floor of the pit is probably of Chalk partly covered by Recent sediments. Other trench-like features (Sole Pit, Coal Pit, Well Hole) are described briefly and thought to be sufficiently similar to Silver Pit to imply a similar origin. Two hypotheses of origin of these closed depressions are considered: by subglacial stream erosion (tunnel valleys) and by tidal scour during an early post-glacial low sea level. Neither hypothesis appears to be wholly satisfactory by itself, and the possibility of a composite origin is mentioned.

Abstract: Sixteen samples from peat overlying a last interglacial raised beach deposit (Awatuna Formation) exposed at Sunday Creek, north Westland, were examined for pollen and spores. The results show a change from Nothofagus-dominant to Gramineae-dominant floras, indicating a cooling sequence from the Oturi (last) Interglacial to the Otira Glacial. Six new radiocarbon dates from the peat are included.

Abstract: Bridgeport Basin, east of the Sierra Nevada in central California, contains deposits of the following Pleistocene glaciations, youngest to oldest: Tioga, Tenaya, Tahoe, Mono Basin, and Sherwin (?). Some evidence also suggests an advance between the Mono Basin and Sherwin(?). With respect to the last major interglacial, the first three glaciations are younger, position of the Mono Basin is debatable, and the others are older. The following conclusions have been drawn. (1) Within Bridgeport Basin, Sherwin(?) glaciers were the most extensive. (2) Since Sherwin(?) time, warping and erosion have caused significant topographic changes in the piedmont area at the east Sierra foot. (3) Bridgeport Valley has been warped down relative to the range front and northward tilting of the piedmont has reversed a stream formerly flowing south into Mono Basin. (4) A gravel filling of Bridgeport Valley occurred to a depth of at least 250 ft (75 m), and locally twice that amount, at about the same time as the Sherwin(?) glaciation. Most of this fill is believed to have been warped down and covered by modern alluvium. (5) Gravels, at least 500 ft (150 m) thick, were also deposited in nearby Huntoon Valley in Sherwin(?) time, at least in part, because of meltwater overflow from a large pool of glacier ice occupying West Walker River. (6) Eastward flow of ice out of Robinson Creek during Mono Basin time built a moraine that escaped burial by the subsequent more extensive Tahoe glacier that flowed north along the present course of Robinson Creek. This fortuitous circumstance facilitates recognition of the Mono Basin glaciation. (7) Ice from Robinson Creek also flowed eastward through the Summers Meadows trough in Sherwin(?) time and probably also within the interval between the Sherwin(?) and Mono Basin glaciations. (8) The Tahoe glaciers of Robinson and Buckeye Creeks coalesced to form a piedmont bulb. (9) Qualitative relations and semiquantitative data indicate that the Tenaya is a valid and distinct glaciation between Tahoe and Tioga, although the small moraines suggest that it was a relatively short-lived event. (10) The size and spacing of recessional moraines demonstrate a reasonably consistent but not identical behavior of Tioga ice streams in the four principal canyons of Bridgeport Basin.

Abstract: Summary The fluorescence of fossil pollen and spores changes in colour and intensity with increasing age By a study of Ipswichian Interglacial and Lower Pleistocene samples, it is shown that it is possible to distinguish Pleistocene from earlier pollen and spores by their different fluorescence colour and to a lesser extent by their different fluorescence intensity The method can be employed in solving various problems of derivation in Pleistocene palynology

Abstract: Descriptions of 49 benthic foraminiferal species (including three new species: Elphidium halickii, E. hyalinum and Protelphidium rozkowskae), belonging to 16 genera found in the Pleistocene of the Lower Vistula River area are given. Neither planktonic nor agglutinated foraminifers are represented here. Three assemblages are distinguished: warm-water foraminifer assemblage with contribution of Lusitanian species, found at Brachlewo and related to the Eemian Interglacial, boreal assemblage with contribution of both Lusitanian and Arctic species, found at Elbląg, and Arctic assemblage from Nadbrzeze. Foraminiferal fauna from Nadbrzeze shows cyclic alternation of cold-water and warmer-water assemblages corresponding to changes in pollen-spectra. According to pollen analysis, deposits of the Eemian, Amersfoort and Brerup Interglacials are represented at Nadbrzeze.

Abstract: The first discovery of Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis) in place in Pleistocene deposits has been made in interglacial beach sand and gravel 35 m above present sea level on Amchitka, Aleutian Islands. Uranium series dating of the bone indicates that it is about 135,000 yrs old.

Abstract: Field investigations failed to confirm the presence of earlier (pre-Sangamon) Pleistocene or Citronelle (Pliocene) littoral ridges and marine deposits on the surface in coastal Mississippi, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle. The contrast between the numerous marine surfaces on the Atlantic coastal plain and the single Sangamon interglacial barrier complex of the Gulf Coast may be explained by the different regional tectonic behavior of the two provinces. Only one Pleistocene coastwise alluvial depositional surface was found in Mississippi and southwestern Alabama in addition to the Prairie (Pamlico, Beaumont) alluvial coastal plain. Its age could not be exactly determined. In addition to the known Pearl and Pascagoula River valley locations, intermediate valley terrace fragments ("Deweyville"?) were also found near the mouth of the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa Rivers. These surfaces indicate the latest higher sea level stage which probably existed during the early Wisconsin.

Abstract: In the previous paper (1), it was shown that the soil distribution pattern on Pleistocene terraces and hilly areas in the vicinity of Lake Ramana in Tokai region along the Pacific Coast of Southwest Japan has a close correlation to the cyclic development of topography caused by glacio-eustatic movement of sea level during Pleistocene. And it was inferred that in the area Red-Yellow soils occur as relict or buried soils on the older ground surfaces of the higher terraces and foothills which are considered to have been formed before Shimosueyoshi transgression (Riss-Wurm interglacial), whereas YellowBrown (Forest) soils develop on the younger ground surfaces of the middle and the lower terraces or upper hillslopes which are considered to have begun to develop after the transgression.

Abstract: Invertebrate biocenosis of more southerly affinity than modern fauna, deposition during interglacial stage, fauna includes mollusks (pelecypods and gastropods); bryozoans, corals and foraminifera, latitude range for species

Abstract: The bird faunas of Australia, New Guinea and the south-western Pacific islands were graphically analysed in terms of distribution and ratios of species per genus. Models were then constructed that matched the real data closely. The form of these models gives rise to the following hypothesis about the course of evolution in the three areas. Three glacial and three interglacial periods have occurred; the glacial periods are seen as periods of movement of species, the interglacial as periods of speciation. Australia produces a maximum of four species per genus per interglacial, while New Guinea and the south-western Pacific Islands each produce five species per genus per interglacial. Many more species have adapted themselves to life in rainforest in New Guinea and the south-western Pacific islands than in Australia. The difference appears to be because in Australia the amount of rainforest habitat is low, the rainforest habitat does not readily enable isolates to form, and many of the genera entering Australia do not have rainforest species and never invade the rainforest habitat. This study also indicates that examination of isolated populations and subspecies in an area gives little quantitative information about evolution in that area. Suggestions that the south-western Pacific, because it contains archipelagos, is a rich area for production of species are not supported by the data presented here.

Abstract: An investigation based on thin section and X-ray analysis of lithified Pliocene and Pleistocene samples collected on the top of the continental slope between -150 and -300 m is presented. Three groups are distinguished: 1Dolomitized and non-ferruginous Pliocene. Samples with Pliocene microfauna occur under two facies: algal calcirudites and argillaceous skeletal-detrital sands, both with micritic matrix. Dolomitization concerns preferentially cell-filling of coralline algae; 2Dolomitized ferruginous Pleistocene. A sample (Halimeda limestone) is described in detail. Aragonite of Halimeda and low-magnesium calcite or aragonite of molluscs are dissolved, sparitic early cement and coralline algae are dolomitized; echinoderms are not affected by dolomitization. Goethite fills part of the voids. A mosaic of magnesium calcite marks the last stage of cementation.These facts lead the author to the conclusion that for the first two groups dolomitization took place in a supralittoral environment, during a raising of the sea contemporaneous with an interglacial stage, following a glacial low-level at about −300 m. 3Ferruginous and non-dolomitized Pleistocene. This group includes one aragonite-cemented sample, and several samples with calcite cement. For the former, crystallization is referred to a shallow-marine environment, which suggests a sea-level at about -270 m as for dolomitization. Iron oxide (goethite) occurs either as impregnations of micrite cement, or as deposits alternating with layers of sparitic calcite. Its submarine deposition required favourable physical-chemical conditions, but also previous concentration, on the continent. This ferruginization is then related to washing of iron-rich soils (red loams reworked on the continent during interglacial stages). These data point to the following sequence of events: 1At the end of the Pliocene the sea-level must have been between -100 and -150 m with respect to present-day sea-level. 2A period of dolomitization in the Early Pleistocene, indicating a lowering of sea-level down to -270 m. Where subsequent downwarping of the continental margin occurred, this figure would decrease further. 3Ferruginization is more recent. It may be tentatively connected with erosion of the last continental red loams, where they overlie the Tyrrhenian.