Abstract: Integrated circuits have revolutionised design electronics. This new paperback edition of Professor Arbel's text for electronic systems designers treats integrated circuits as black boxes whose properties are specified by the manufacturer and shows bow to design circuits that make the best use of them. This approach enables the designer to concentrate on the best way of using the circuit modules. A most valuable feature of the book is the presence of many practical problems together with their solutions. There is also a bibliography.

Abstract: A T-28 aircraft was specially modified to permit gathering in situ cloud physics and dynamics data from the interior regions of hailstorms. Since its first use in 1969, the T-28 instrumentation and data acquisition system has undergone evolutionary changes as newer instruments and more sophisticated electronic products have become available. A unique complement of instruments that measure and record hydrometeor sizes and concentrations has been assembled to provide observations of particle size spectra over the full range from cloud droplets to hailstones. The instrumentation and the data recording system are described in this paper, and planned future enhancements that will entail greater use of on-board computers are discussed.

Abstract: A superconducting instrumentation has been set up to perform biomagnetic measurements for screening analysis in one of Rome hospitals. The magnetic detector is a 2nd derivative gradiometer, which can be balanced against both spatially uniform fields and field gradients. The overall noise level is \sim 4 \times 10^{-14} T.Hz-½ in the frequency range 0.5 ÷ 3000Hz. Main efforts are devoted to the recording of magnetocardio-graphic maps of normal and abnormal subjects while a detailed analysis of some segments of the heart cycle is carried on in subjects previously investigated by means of other techniques. Magnetomyograms of normal and abnormal subjects are detected and studied in the frequency domain. Magnetoencephalographic power spectra of various subjects have been mapped as well. Most remarkable results so far collected are presented. Some of the measurements have been performed in the hospital and some in the laboratory, always without the aid of any shielding.

Abstract: Symbolic traces increase error-detection capabilities of program tests and indicate the extent of their coverage. This instrumentation system generates traces automatically upon program execution.

Abstract: A data acquisition and control system based upon the Rockwell AIM‐65 microcomputer is described. The system has been designed primarily to enhance laser‐induced fluorescence spectra by linearly averaging multiple scans. Results illustrate that the power and flexibility of the low cost system are comparable to more costly averaging instrumentation.

Abstract: Subject areas range from specialized issues dealing with the space and entry environments to the environmental testing of systems and complete spacecraft of present-day vintage. Various papers consider: the test and development of several key systems of the orbiter vehicle; integrated tests of complete satellites; new and unique test facilities developed to meet the demanding requirements of high fidelity simulation of test environments; and contamination species, including the instrumentation for detection and measurement of such. Special topics include improved thermal protection methodologies and approaches, sophisticated sensor developments, and other related testing and development areas.

Abstract: Three specific applications of microprocessors to intensive care instrumentation are presented. Automatic feedback control of mechanical ventilation is achieved using end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production as the input control parameters. Closed-loop control of fluid infusion is used for resuscitating burn patients; intravenous infusion rate is microprocessor controlled to maintain a desired urine output. Metabolic rate is measured by indirect calorimetry using a microprocessor to compute the results and control the measuring instrumentation. These examples show how microprocessor technology has been used to expand instrumentation capability and implement feedback control. These systems use multiple-input feedback control, user guidance, automatic calibration, self-diagnostics, and intelligent alarms.

Abstract: A new national effort dealing with planned and inadvertent weather modification has been recommended. The contention is that this readiness stems from finally learning important facts about how to properly design and conduct difficult experimentations; the need to study and understand ever growing inadvertent weather modification; the development of complex instrumentation and growing expertise; and more awareness of the impacts of changing the weather. Most importantly, awareness has come that progress can be made only through great attention to resolving many of the complex unknowns in the areas of cloud physics and dynamics. The potential benefits of an uncertain technology are difficult to specify, but appear sufficient to justify the research and development costs many have recommended. Either a better research program should be developed or we should essentially stop weather modification research.

Abstract: New medical technology evolves through distinct phases. Initial technical proving is followed by a phase of detailed data recording, often with no detailed attempt to fill any specific service requirements. Next an attempt is made to establish correlations with other techniques and results, with a view to defining any unique attributes of the technology in particular fields. Detailed service-related applications are then worked out, but the final adoption of new instrumentation into clinical practice depends not only on the success of its technical performance, but also on its cost-effectiveness. This paper reviews studies of clinically-derived material from the viewpoint of a U.K. diagnostic pathologist. Detailed comparisons are drawn between the evolution of SEM on the one hand and of LM and CTEM on the other. An attempt is made to identify areas of practice in which SEM might make the greatest impact in the foreseeable future. It is proposed that paraffin-embedded tissue in pathology back files may provide a valuable source of investigative material for diagnostic SEM.

Abstract: This paper presents a discussion of the operator/ instrumentation interactions which had an effect on the course of the incident at the Three Mile Island-2 Nuclear Power Plant. In the paper a brief review of the sequence of occurrences at TMI-2 over the first 16 hours of the incident is given with particular emphasis on operator/instrumentation interactions. A breakdown of the six major items that seemed to have contributed to the characteristics of the incident is then given and also an outline of some of the currently proposed operator/instrumentation improvements. The six major items involve water level indication in the reactor, electromatic relief valve operation, auxiliary feed-water flow indication, containment isolation, extended range instrumentation, and computer readout.

Abstract: Fire assay is one of the earliest methods of quantitative chemical analysis and in most circumstances it has remained the most accurate for the determination of gold. With the development of modern laboratory techniques and instrumentation, however, alternative methods have become available which may offer the advantage of rapid determination, although with some sacrifice in precision.

Abstract: I will try consider briefly the shifts in the accelerator field and in the field of instrumentation, which were most significant in facilitating in recent years the progress of elementary particle physics and will be in the near future. The choice of questions under consideration will inevitably be quite subjective, and discussion on detector problems may be effected by my insufficient information. For these sins I ask to excuse me beforehand. I. First of all, a few general remarks-quite obvious ones. The solution of problems of elementary partite physics, which become more and more complicated, forces to shift to larger scale for all the systems, both for accelerators and detectors. This, in its turn, becomes accessible because of a wide use of the module principle for construction of systems with maximum homogeneity of modules. This permits making systems significantly cheaper and prolonging their life time. Of the same fundamental importance is wide and complete computerization. In the modern systems of high energy physics the computing devices became as intrinsic as magnets or counters; they are responsible for all the functions of total and continuous pick up of information on installations and processes, control of the systems and data processing. 2. The greatest event in the area under consideration is the exploration of the colliding beam method. Colliding beam experiments starting with electron-electron beams in Stanford and Novosibirsk, electron-positron in Novosibirsk, Orsay and Frascati and proton-proton at CERN became one of the main sources of fundamental information in elementary particle physics, and their significance will only increase in future. We shall have a special detailed discussion of colliding beams /I/. 3. It is well-known how important for implementation of electron-positron colliding beams was the existence of radiation coolin~ for light particles even at low energies. Radiation cooling enabled one to stack intense positron beams, to compress transverse dimensions of e e-collidin~ beams down to small sizes (to a few microns even now) and to maintain the beams compressed despite strong perturbations of particle motion caused by the field of encountered beam, that, in its turn, permits

Abstract: This paper describes the operating characteristics of the primary components that form the PEP Instrumentation and Control System. Descriptions are provided for the computer control system, beam monitors, and other support systems.

Abstract: The electromyographic silent period appears to be relevant both to the study of clinical jaw dysfunction (Bailey, J. O., McCall, W. D., Jr. & Ash, M. M. J Dent Res 56:249-253, 1977) and to the study of basic trigeminal mechanisms (Sessle, B. J. & Schmitt, A. Arch Oral Biol 15:17-24, 1970). Placement of surface electrodes, however, is known to affect the amplitude and the shape of action potential (Ahlgren, J. Acta Odont Scand 25:593-611, 1967) but has not been investigated for its effect on silent period duration. Further, a commercial device* to measure the silent period duration is available, but its reliability and validity have not been reported. If valid and reliable, such a device would reduce the cost and tedium of silent period measurement as well as provide great portability. Ten volunteers, six males and four females, participated in this study. Since the study was methodological, the subjects were not examined for jaw dysfunction. Informed consent was obtained from each subject. The left masseter muscle was scrubbed with alcohol and four corn pads placed over the belly of the muscle. The hole at the center of each corn pad was filled with electrode paste. A surface electrode was inserted into the hole and held in place with tape. The four electrodes formed a rectangle whose dimension along the direction of the muscle fibers was 24 mm center to center and whose dimension across the muscle fibers was 18 mm. The amount of surface area in contact with the skin was fixed by the hole in the corn pad and was 64 mm2. Two methods were available for measuring silent period duration. One method involved connecting a pair of electrodes to a commercial EMG amplifier, and the amplifier to an analog FM tape recorder. The second method involved the commercial device. When the signals in both polygraph channels were satisfactory, the subject was asked to clench hard on his teeth, and five taps were delivered to the anterior aspect of the chin. The signal was recorded on tape and then replayed from the tape for later hand measurement of silent period durations. The commercial analyzer was then connected to one of the pairs of electrodes, the other pair remaining connected to the polygraph system. The subject was instructed to clench while one tap was delivered to the mandible as before. This procedure was repeated five times for each subject.

Abstract: XRAY presents a global view of the performance of hardware and software components on multiple, distributed computers. The set of components chosen for measurement can be changed at any time throughout a network of systems, and can be selected to minimize data collection time and measurement space. In the course of normal activities the operating system executes firmware which increments counters for the measured components. Periodically, the counters are recorded in an ordinary file by a process in each processor. An analysis program permits browsing through components and plotting counters in real time. Analysis focuses on detecting the distributed sources of excessive activity.