Abstract: In the last few years, a new type of synchronous social networking services (SNSs) has emerged—social live streaming services (SLSSs). Studying SLSSs is a new and exciting research field in information science. What information behaviors do users of live streaming platforms exhibit? In our empirical study we analyzed information production behavior (i.e., broadcasting) as well as information reception behavior (watching streams and commenting on them). We conducted two quantitative investigations, namely an online survey with YouNow users (N

Abstract: Science communication, whether internally or to the general public depends on trust, both trust in the source and trust in the medium of communication. With the new 'ecology of communication' this trust is endangered. On the one hand the very term of science communication has been captured by many different actors (e.g., governments, PR experts, universities and research institutions, science journalists, and bloggers) apart from scientists themselves to whom science communication means different things and whose communication is tainted by special interests. Some of these actors are probably more trusted by the general public than others. On the other hand, the channels that are used to communicate science are also not trusted equally. Particularly the widespread use of social media raises doubts about the credibility of the communication spread through them.

Abstract: Technology acceptance research has shown that trust is an important factor fostering use of information systems (IS). As a result, numerous IS researchers have studied factors that build trust in IS. However, IS research on trust has mainly focused on the trust relationship between the user and the IS itself, largely neglecting that other targets of trust might also drive IS use from a user’s point of view. Accordingly, we investigate the importance of different targets of trust in IS use. Therefore, we use the concept of a network of trust and identify four different targets of trust that are prevalent from a user’s point of view. Afterwards, we develop our research model and evaluate it using a free simulation experiment. The results show that multiple targets of trust are important in the context of IS use. In particular, we highlight the importance of a second target – trust in the provider – which is equally important as trust in the IS itself. Consequently, IS providers should focus not only on fostering users’ trust in their IS but also on positioning themselves as trustworthy providers. In addition, we show that a third target – trust in the Internet – has significant indirect effects on multiple constructs that impact IS use.

Abstract: Human computation, a term introduced by Luis von Ahn ( 1 ), refers to distributed systems that combine the strengths of humans and computers to accomplish tasks that neither can do alone ( 2 ). The seminal example is reCAPTCHA, a Web widget used by 100 million people a day when they transcribe distorted text into a box to prove they are human. This free cognitive labor provides users with access to Web content and keeps websites safe from spam attacks, while feeding into a massive, crowd-powered transcription engine that has digitized 13 million articles from The New York Times archives ( 3 ). But perhaps the best known example of human computation is Wikipedia. Despite initial concerns about accuracy ( 4 ), it has become the key resource for all kinds of basic information. Information science has begun to build on these early successes, demonstrating the potential to evolve human computation systems that can model and address wicked problems (those that defy traditional problem-solving methods) at the intersection of economic, environmental, and sociopolitical systems.

Abstract: In order to foster knowledge-sharing among employees, an increasing number of companies has recently begun implementing social network-based enterprise social media platforms (ESMPs). Although employees are expected to adopt these platforms quickly and use them as actively as they use public and free social media, patterns of private and corporate usage differ. While some research on the determinants of using public and free social media like Facebook has been conducted, empirical studies on the factors determining active participation in ESMPs is scarce. Based on research derived from a survey of 492 respondents carried out in a large knowledge-intensive firm, this paper addresses this gap. The results of our empirical quantitative study reveal that extrinsic motivation in particular – that is, anticipated gains in reputation and reciprocal benefits – drives employees to share knowledge in ESMPs. Knowledge-sharing self-efficacy also facilitates participation, while the enjoyment in helping others does not. The study contributes to information systems and knowledge management research, as it reveals motivational factors that drive the individual adoption in terms of active use of ESMPs. Managerial implications are derived from these results.

Abstract: Usage data of scholarly articles provide a direct way to explore the usage preferences of users. Using the "Usage Count" provided by the Web of Science platform, we collect and analyze the usage data of five journals in the field of Information Science and Library Science, to investigate the usage patterns of scholarly articles on Web of Science. Our analysis finds that the distribution of usage fits a power law. And according to the time distribution of usage, researchers prefer to use more recent papers. As to those old papers, citations play an important role in determining the usage count. Highly cited old papers are more likely to be used even a long time after publication.

Abstract: he most profound influence on life in the 21st century may turn out to be the Internet. The Internet links us to the greatest repository of information in the history of civilization (Weare & Lin, 2000). It also provides multiple modes of communication (Thorne, 2008). Finally, it is the most effi cient system in our history for delivering new technologies to read, write, and communicate (Lankshear & Knobel, 2006). Together, these elements permit individuals to construct new information, new knowledge, and even newer technologies. As a result, the Internet is in a continuous state of becoming, regularly transforming each one of us as we, in turn, transform it. The speed of this change has been breathtaking. More than 1.5 billion individuals use the Internet ("Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics," 2008). At the current pace, more than half of the world s population will be online in 7 years, and most of the world will be online in 10 to 15 years. Never in the history of civilization have we seen a new technology adopted by so many, in so many different places, in such a short time. The impact of the Internet may also be tracked through research it has prompted; scholars from many disciplines have explored its implications. They include anthropology (Borzekowski, Fobil, & Asante, 2006), foreign affairs (Bleha, 2005), economics (Matteucci, O'Mahony, Robinson, & Zwick, 2005), cognitive science (Mayer, 2005), sociolinguistics (Cope & Kalantzis, 1999; Gee, 2007; Kress, T 2003), cultural anthropology (Hi?e, 2000), information science (Bilal, 2000), law (Lessig, 2005), rhetorical studies (Starke Meyerring, 2005), and educational technology (Dede, 2007; Greenhow, Robelia, & Hughes, 2009). Moreover, the Internet has prompted the development of entirely new disciplines, such as social informatics (Kling, 1999), and new research methods, such as virtual ethnography (Hine, 2000). Finally, the Internet is altering nations around the world (Friedman, 2006). Governments seek to transform their societies through public policies that exploit the educational potential of the Internet (Gu, Liu, & Lin, 2004; Leu & Kinzer, 2000).

Abstract: Knowledge about science and technology has become increasingly important in this age of digital information overload. It is also becoming increasingly important to understand what contributes to scientific learning, including information sources and trust in those sources. In this study, we develop and test a multivariate model to explain scientific knowledge based on past theories on learning from the news from the fields of political communication, sociology, and media psychology. We focus on the impact of sources-by platform, such as television and online, and by expertise, such as scientists and the media-in understanding what predicts scientific knowledge. The results show that interest in science not only directly predicts knowledge but also has indirect effects on knowledge through its effects on Internet use, confidence in the press, and perception of scientists. In addition, distrust on the news sources is an important pathway to learning about science.

Abstract: This book introduces readers to the basic concepts of and latest findings in the area of differential equations with uncertain factors. It covers the analytic method and numerical method for solving uncertain differential equations, as well as their applications in the field of finance. Furthermore, the book provides a number of new potential research directions for uncertain differential equation. It will be of interest to researchers, engineers and students in the fields of mathematics, information science, operations research, industrial engineering, computer science, artificial intelligence, automation, economics, and management science.

Abstract: Everybody knows what relevance is. It is a "ya'know" notion, concept, idea–no need to explain whatsoever. Searching for relevant information using information technology (IT) became a ubiquitous activity in contemporary information society. Relevant information means information that pertains to the matter or problem at hand—it is directly connected with effective communication. The purpose of this book is to trace the evolution and with it the history of thinking and research on relevance in information science and related fields from the human point of view. The objective is to synthesize what we have learned about relevance in several decades of investigation about the notion in information science. This book deals with how people deal with relevance—it does not cover how systems deal with relevance; it does not deal with algorithms. Spurred by advances in information retrieval (IR) and information systems of various kinds in handling of relevance, a number of basic questions are raised: But w...

Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to understand the developments of the Information Systems (IS) and Information technology, i.e. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the area of Condition Monitoring and Maintenance, especially e-maintenance. Therefore, the paper goes through and categorises the literature findings with the support of two models, i.e. the three era and the IS capability models to analyse and understand the maturity of the ICTs in the domain. The result shows that many researchers are working with software applications that are in the data processing era, which is highly important for the technologies and then the management of IS era. Conversely, both in the Management Information Systems and the Strategic Thinking era fewer findings have been made so far. Further on, in the fourth era, named the Information System (IS) capability, the research findings are mostly at the rudimentary stage. The implementation of Web technologies, such as the Web 2.0, i.e. Social media tec...

Abstract: The concept of library in educational institutions is changing as the major constituents of library like physical books, hard copies of journals and newspapers are vanishing and a new format called e-format of these resources emerging through advents in computer science, information science and e-storage technology. The physical copies of books, journals and newspapers are thumbing and their electronic format do not need space for storage and single copy of such resource can be shared by any number of users so as the name of library has no longer validity. Hence libraries are now renamed as Resource Centres with online facility to provide resource sharing services to its registered users. Future libraries so called ‘Resource Centres’ do not need large reading rooms, large book/journal old volume storage area or even independent library building. Individual institutions also do not need independent libraries. There should be one Resource centre for a country or even only one for the entire world through which everybody can connect through ICT for uploading and downloading audio, text and video files so that equality in terms of accessibility to any of these types of resources can be maintained irrespective of gender, region, religion, economical background and the country origin of the users. The paper discusses the possibility of such transformation of Library into ‘Universal Resource Center’ and the consequences of such transformation to information sharing throughout the World and further changes in the model of costless higher education and extended opportunity for new knowledge creation. We also discuss how such transformed Libraries as Universal Resource Centres may provide automated customized service for individuals ubiquitously by incorporating smart library model.

Abstract: Background: Over the years, advancements in Internet technologies have led to the emergence of new technologies such as Web 2.0, which have taken various sectors including higher education by storm. Web 2.0 technologies are slowly but surely penetrating higher education in developing countries with much hype, according to the literature. This justifies the need for original research that aims at demystifying the application and exploiting the promises that come along with these so-called versatile technologies. Objectives: The specific objectives of the study were to ascertain students’ awareness of and familiarity with Web 2.0 technologies, to determine the purposes for which students use Web 2.0 technologies, and to identify the factors that affect students’ use or non-use of Web 2.0 technologies. Method: A mixed-methods approach was adopted. Firstly, a questionnaire was sent to 186 students; secondly, the curricula of the two departments in the Faculty of Information Science and Communication (ISC) were analysed; finally, follow-up interviews were conducted with seven lecturers in the Faculty of ISC. Results: The study found that students use Web 2.0 technologies to search for information, to communicate with lecturers, to submit assignments and to communicate with friends on academic work. Wikipedia, WhatsApp, Google Apps and YouTube are the Web 2.0 technologies most used by students. Poor bandwidth (Internet connection) coupled with the absence of Wi-Fi (wireless Internet connection) prevents the successful adoption of Web 2.0 by students. Conclusion: Web 2.0 can have a profound impact on undergraduate students and lecturers in teaching and learning. The research results indicated a high awareness of a wide range of Web 2.0 technologies, with social networks being the commonly used one. There is a need for more training to increase awareness of and familiarity with new Web 2.0 technologies. The problem of poor bandwidth needs to be addressed by the university management in order to gain significant benefits.

Abstract: Bioinformatics – the so-called shotgun marriage between biology and computer science – is an interdiscipline. Despite interdisciplinarity being seen as a virtue, for having the capacity to solve complex problems and foster innovation, it has the potential to place projects and people in anomalous categories. For example, valorised ‘outputs’ in academia are often defined and rewarded by discipline. Bioinformatics, as an interdisciplinary bricolage, incorporates experts from various disciplinary cultures with their own distinct ways of working. Perceived problems of interdisciplinarity include difficulties of making explicit knowledge that is practical, theoretical, or cognitive. But successful interdisciplinary research also depends on an understanding of disciplinary cultures and value systems, often only tacitly understood by members of the communities in question. In bioinformatics, the ‘parent’ disciplines have different value systems; for example, what is considered worthwhile research by computer scientists can be thought of as trivial by biologists, and vice versa. This paper concentrates on the problems of reward and recognition described by scientists working in academic bioinformatics in the United Kingdom. We highlight problems that are a consequence of its cross-cultural make-up, recognising that the mismatches in knowledge in this borderland take place not just at the level of the practical, theoretical, or epistemological, but also at the cultural level too. The trend in big, interdisciplinary science is towards multiple authors on a single paper; in bioinformatics this has created hybrid or fractional scientists who find they are being positioned not just in-between established disciplines but also in-between as middle authors or, worse still, left off papers altogether.

Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which public librarians are successfully prepared to engage the community in digital literacy and inclusion. A qualitative, multiple case study research design was chosen, using an analysis of policy documents and existing training programmes offered by the libraries together with semi-structured interviews with public librarians and library management. This was followed by an analysis of Masters in Library & Information Science programmes. The majority of public librarians felt that information technology skills and transferable skills were perceived to be equally important. However most of the public librarians identified quite a few gaps between what they learned in their library program and how it translated into their working environment. They also expressed a great interest and need for additional on-going technical training and development to promote digital literacy and to become proficient in understanding the needs of the community. Gaps in MLIS programs were identified around the areas of e-Books, basic PC trouble shooting, social media and communication skills. This study concludes with several recommendations for public libraries and for MLIS programs to foster digital literacy and inclusion.

Abstract: The present study analysed the readability of abstracts and full texts of the articles published in four journals of information science from 2003 to 2012. The results showed that the abstracts are very difficult to read in terms of readability indices such as FRE and SMOG. The results also showed that some of the readabilities of the abstracts and full texts changed in the examined decade, though the effect sizes were minuscule. Meanwhile, the readability scores were not significantly correlated with the number of citations. Although the readability issue of an academic text is secondary to the impact of the study, it is not suggested that the academic writers not pay any attention to the readability issue. On the contrary, it would be better if the technical texts be more readable and clearer after the knowledge or information is accurately and academically conveyed.

Abstract: This thesis explores the proper principles and rules for creating excellent infographics that communicate information successfully and effectively. Not only does this thesis examine the creation of Infographics, it also tries to answer which format, Static or Animated Infographics, is the most effective when used as a teaching-aid framework for complex science subjects, and if compelling Infographics in the preferred format facilitate the learning experience. The methodology includes the creation of infographic using two formats (Static and Animated) of a fairly complex science subject (Phases Of The Moon), which were then tested for their efficacy as a whole, and the two formats were compared in terms of information comprehension and retention. My hypothesis predicts that the creation of an infographic using the animated format would be more effective in communicating a complex science subject (Phases Of The Moon), specifically when using 3D computer animation to visualize the topic. This would also help different types of learners to easily comprehend science subjects. Most of the animated infographics produced nowadays are created for marketing and business purposes and do not implement the analytical design principles required for creating excellent information design. I believe that science learners are still in need of more variety in their methods of learning information, and that infographics can be of great assistance. The results of this thesis study suggests that using properly designed infographics would be of great help in teaching complex science subjects that involve spatial and temporal data. This could facilitate learning science subjects and consequently impact the interest of young learners in STEM.

Abstract: This article examines how computerized adaptive testing functions in relation to learning in control societies. We first document the transition from static and discrete forms of statistical work that characterized Foucault's disciplinary societies into the continuous, predictive analytics that have emerged as the powerful form of statistical work in Deleuze's control societies. We then explore the function of information science ontologies in adaptive testing and learning applications from the perspective of Deleuze's philosophical ontology. Working between these two conceptions of ontology enables us to open a critical space in which to posit the need for an alternative ontology of number in education. Focusing on the case of Pearson, the world's largest edu-business, we consider how the "datafication" of education is presenting opportunities to exploit information assemblages for profit. The primary focus of analysis is Pearson's Next Generation Assessment agenda, which focuses on the development and implementation of computerized adaptive testing within a broader digital learning environment. Next Generation Assessment is theorized as an information assemblage that functions according to an axiomatic modeling of numerical data enabling the production and communication of information throughout proliferating data infrastructures in education. We argue that the shift from "becoming a statistic" in disciplinary society to "the becoming-statistic" in control society is facilitating the development of digital learning platforms that risk limiting the conditions for learning in the creative sense of this term.

Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare health and information literacy with a focus on how the development of these concepts within two disciplines (nursing and library/information science) impacts librarian/nurse educator shared understanding. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a modified concept comparison method. The comparison, grounded in two seminal concept analysis articles, identifies common and unique antecedents, attributes and consequences of each concept. Findings Health and information literacy share common antecedents and attributes: literacy, health or information need, comprehension, decision-making and degree of technological competency. Unique to health literacy is an emphasis on interactive communication and unique to information literacy is a focus on discovery and search skills. Research limitations/implications This concept comparison uses a snapshot approach rather than a full literature review. This work suggests further research into health literacy and information literacy as related concepts in the literature and how multidisciplinary concept comparison can be effectively framed. Practical implications Librarians and nurse educators collaborating on complex concepts such as these should use available definitions, and evidence, to reach shared understanding. Librarians are encouraged to communicate with database developers to address questions and inconsistencies in subject headings. Originality/value This paper presents the first concept comparison of health and information literacy using the concept comparison method – an adaptation of concept analysis methods frequently used in nursing literature, developed by Walker and Avant, Rodgers and Knafl and others.

Abstract: Purpose Arts-informed, visual research was conducted to document the pictorial metaphors that appear among original drawings of information. The purpose of this paper is to report the diversity of these pictorial metaphors, delineate their formal qualities as drawings, and provide a fresh perspective on the concept of information. Design/methodology/approach The project utilized pre-existing iSquare drawings of information that were produced by iSchool graduate students during a draw-and-write activity. From a data set of 417 images, 125 of the strongest pictorial metaphors were identified and subjected to cognitive metaphor theory. Findings Overwhelmingly, the favored source domain for envisioning information was nature. The most common pictorial metaphors were: Earth, web, tree, light bulb, box, cloud, and fishing/mining, and each brings different qualities of information into focus. The drawings were often canonical versions of objects in the world, leading to arrays of pictorial metaphors marked by their similarity. Research limitations/implications Less than 30 percent of the data set qualified as pictorial metaphors, making them a minority strategy for representing information as an image. The process to identify and interpret pictorial metaphors was highly subjective. The arts-informed methodology generated tensions between artistic and social scientific paradigms. Practical implications The pictorial metaphors for information can enhance information science education and fortify professional identity among information professionals. Originality/value This is the first arts-informed, visual study of information that utilizes cognitive metaphor theory to explore the nature of information. It strengthens a sense of history, humanity, nature, and beauty in our understanding of information today, and contributes to metaphor research at large.

Abstract: Although information searching is one of the most popular online activities people engage in for a variety of goals and tasks every day, search systems have long been viewed from a rather limited perspective. That is, search systems have been typically viewed as tools for retrieving online content to satisfy information needs. However, today’s search systems support people’s interactions with information and help people access and use information in ways that go beyond offering a set of search results for specified search tasks. Despite the fact that information search systems have evolved from information-retrieval tools to full-text information-intensive systems over the past two decades, researchers have only recently started recognizing search systems as rich online spaces in which people can learn and discover new knowledge while interacting with online content. This does not mean that searching and learning have not been seen as connected in the field of information science. In fact, there have been numerous studies on the intersection between searching and learning. However, the association between searching and learning has often been defined in terms of searching in the learning environment, having learning as a search goal or learning about searching, focusing on teaching search and evaluation skills to youth. As a result, the concept of learning has often been assumed rather than clearly being articulated in most information science studies. A new research direction we present in this special issue is ‘Searching as Learning’, which attempts to move away from rather simplistic conceptualizations either as searching to learn or learning to search. From the perspective of searching as learning, we propose to reconsider the value of search systems in supporting human learning directly while focusing on the impact, influence and outcomes of using search systems with respect to a learning process. We believe that there are great opportunities to leverage and extend current search systems to foster learning by reconfiguring search systems from information-retrieval tools to rich learning spaces in which search experiences and learning experiences are intertwined and even synergized. The idea of studying and designing search systems to foster learning during the search process and create a rich learning space has been attracting growing recognition among researchers and practitioners in recent years. This Special Issue is a follow-up to the Searching as Learning (SAL 2014) workshop ( held in conjunction with the Information Interaction in Context (IIiX) Confe

Abstract: This paper was aimed at clarifying the links between Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) and Knowledge and Information Science in both traditional and modern contexts. Uses and Gratification conceptual model were also proposed both for library and information centers, and for interactive information retrieval systems. Review and analysis of published resources were used as the methodology of the article. Findings showed that UGT is in close connection with five laws of library science and their web version on one hand, and the user-oriented paradigm on the other hand. Therefore, the components of uses and gratification conceptual model of knowledge and information science in traditional and modern contexts consist of vast types of information needs, society, end users' features, information gratification sought, information gratification obtained, relevance gratification, library and information centers, and interactive information retrieval system uses. Applying UGT to knowledge and information science makes it possible to identify active and inactive users based on cognitive-cultural patterns. Moreover, automatic personalized interactive information retrieval systems were improved.

Abstract: As a follow-up to the highly cited authors list published by Thomson Reuters in June 2014, we analyzed the top 1% most frequently cited papers published between 2002 and 2012 included in the Web of Science WoS subject category "Information Science & Library Science." In all, 798 authors contributed to 305 top 1% publications; these authors were employed at 275 institutions. The authors at Harvard University contributed the largest number of papers, when the addresses are whole-number counted. However, Leiden University leads the ranking if fractional counting is used. Twenty-three of the 798 authors were also listed as most highly cited authors by Thomson Reuters in June 2014 http://highlycited.com/. Twelve of these 23 authors were involved in publishing 4 or more of the 305 papers under study. Analysis of coauthorship relations among the 798 highly cited scientists shows that coauthorships are based on common interests in a specific topic. Three topics were important between 2002 and 2012: a collection and exploitation of information in clinical practices; b use of the Internet in public communication and commerce; and c scientometrics.

Abstract: Background. In the past decade, scholars of information science have started to conduct research on information behaviour in serious leisure. Presently, these studies lack common concepts and terms and empirical discoveries are not easy to assemble into theory. Aim. This conceptual and methodological paper surveys the aforementioned research area and introduces Anders Hektor’s model of information behaviour in conjunction with the serious leisure perspective as a means to systematically study information behaviour in serious leisure. Method. Three methods are employed. The first is a selective literature review and intellectual history of research into information behaviour in serious leisure. The second is a conceptual analysis of Hektor’s model that relates its key features to the serious leisure perspective. The third consists of a deductive audit of three forms of serious leisure (the liberal arts hobby, amateur musicianship, and the hobby of running), utilizing the frameworks, concepts, and terms outlined in the paper. Results. Studies of information behaviour in serious leisure have increased and deepened in the past decade, largely through ideographic case studies. Hektor’s model of information behaviour, with its locus in everyday life and precise delineation of eight information activities, can complement such research designs. A deductive audit guided by Hektor’s model illuminated information activities within the three forms of serious leisure and enabled comparative observations. Conclusions. When combined with the serious leisure perspective, Hektor’s model enables research that is comparative and more precise. However, the extent to which this model captures physical or embodied information should be further examined.

Abstract: The main objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the modern field of data science and some of the current progress in this field. The overview focuses on two important paradigms: (1) big data paradigm, which describes a problem space for the big data analytics, and (2) machine learning paradigm, which describes a solution space for the big data analytics. It also includes a preliminary description of the important elements of data science. These important elements are the data, the knowledge (also called responses), and the operations. The terms knowledge and responses will be used interchangeably in the rest of the book. A preliminary information of the data format, the data types and the classification are also presented in this chapter. This chapter emphasizes the importance of collaboration between the experts from multiple disciplines and provides the information on some of the current institutions that show collaborative activities with useful resources.