Import ratio

Abstract: The aim of the research is to determine the main factors that define the level of energy intensity in the countries of the European Union. The research was conducted by estimation of six baseline and six auxiliary regressions, with and without time lags, in form of one-way fixed and random effects error component models, on different unbalanced panel data samples covering the period 1995–2015. The obtained baseline regressions results generate three sets of findings. The first set consists of extremely robust findings relating to the positive influence of gross fixed capital formation and industrial gross value added, and negative effects of real per capita gross domestic product and oil products retail price. These variables are statistically significant in all 36 baseline empirical models. The second set of results consists of quite robust findings relating to insignificant influence of foreign direct investment and negative influence of coal price. According to the results, it cannot be confirm the hypothesis of energy-saving technology transfer via foreign direct investments in European Union member states. The third set of results shows that the research has failed to generate any robust findings for economic openness (import ratio), urbanization and natural gas price, which means that the effect of these determinants on energy intensity in European Union member states is unspecified. Finally, auxiliary regressions estimation results show that changes in the sectorial composition within the European Union member states’ economies have not enhanced energy-saving technological transfer via foreign direct investments.

Abstract: This study estimates an econometric panel-data model, in order to explore the capacity of some of the hypotheses formulated in recent dynamic models of trade and economic growth to explain the bilateral trade of OECD countries. The study suggests that the larger a country's endowment of both tangible and intangible (human and technological) capital in relation to that of its trade partners, the higher the export/import ratio of its bilateral trade. It also shows that direct investment enhances the export/import ratio with the host country. The former communist countries reflect only minor differences from the other OECD members.

Abstract: Among the many extraordinary aspects of Japan’s postwar economic growth, perhaps none is more dramatic than the nation’s move from technological follower to technological leader. Overall rates of patenting in Japan rose faster than in any other advanced economy over the past several decades, such that Japanese inventors collectively rank at or near the top of national lists of new patent holders (Okimoto and Saxonhouse, 1987; National Science Foundation, 1997). Japanese companies have also rapidly increased their technology exports. These exports first exceeded imports in 1972, and by the mid-1980s, the technology export: import ratio was approaching 2:1 (Okimoto and Saxonhouse, 1987). Even in 1994, with Japan in the middle of a recession, technology exports to the US exceeded imports by over $14 billion (National Science Foundation, 1997).

Abstract: This study estimates an econometric panel-data model, in order to explore the capacity of some of the hypotheses formulated in recent dynamic models of trade and economic growth to explain the bilateral trade of OECD countries. The study suggests that the larger a country’s endowment of both tangible and intangible (human and technological) capital in relation to that of its trade partners, the higher the export/import ratio of its bilateral trade. It also shows that direct investment enhances the export/import ratio with the host country. The former communist countries reflect only minor differences from the other OECD members.