TL;DR: The paper attempts to provide a more systematic treatment of icon interfaces than has hitherto been made, and to create a classification which it is hoped will be of use to the dialogue designer.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the use of icons in human-computer interaction (HCI). Icons are pictographic representations of data or processes within a computer system, which have been used to replace commands and menus as the means by which the computer supports a dialogue with the end-user. They have been applied principally to graphics-based interfaces to operating systems, networks and document-processing software. The paper attempts to provide a more systematic treatment of icon interfaces than has hitherto been made, and to create a classification which it is hoped will be of use to the dialogue designer. The characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of icon-based dialogues are described. Metaphors, design alternatives, display structures and implementation factors are discussed, and there is a summary of some icon design guidelines drawn from a variety of sources. Some mention is also made of attempts by researchers to measure the effectiveness of icon designs empirically.
TL;DR: The Icon Book presents strategies and methods for encoding meaning in icons, developing iconic languages and a consistent design style, using color and other design tools, and achieving management goals; offers suggestions for representing complex, "unpicturable" concepts and indicates when not to use icons.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
User-interface icons are much more than on-screen decorations. Icons play an integral role in enhancing end-user productivity and an application's overall success. Written by a seasoned design professional, The Icon Book presents clear, step-by-step guidelines for designing instantly recognizable, fully understandable, and reliably memorable computer icons and icon sets for domestic and international use. You'll find heavily illustrated, research-based accounts on every aspect of the icon design process - from initial planning to refining and testing techniques - plus real-world insights for avoiding problems that can occur in translation to international markets. The Icon Book presents strategies and methods for encoding meaning in icons, developing iconic languages and a consistent design style, using color and other design tools, and achieving management goals; offers suggestions for representing complex, "unpicturable" concepts and indicates when not to use icons; and includes a comprehensive icon glossary. It is a valuable resource for user-interface designers, developers, computer-based trainers, graphic and multimedia designers, and technical writers.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that warning sign icons that evoke more (vs. less) perceived movement lead to a quicker propensity to act because they suggest greater risk to oneself or others and increase attentional vigilance.
Abstract: We propose that features of static visuals can lead to perceived movement (via dynamic imagery) and prepare the observer for action. We operationalize our research within the context of warning sign icons and show how subtle differences in iconography can affect human behavioral response. Across five studies incorporating multiple methodologies and technologies (click-data heat maps, driving simulations, surveys, reaction time, and eye tracking), we show that warning sign icons that evoke more (vs. less) perceived movement lead to a quicker propensity to act because they suggest greater risk to oneself or others and increase attentional vigilance. Icons used in our studies include children crossing signs near schools, wet floor signs in store settings, and shopping cart crossings near malls. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating dynamic elements into icon design to promote imagery and thereby elicit desired and responsible consumer behavior.
TL;DR: A participatory design approach was used to develop a medical information system in two Turkish hospitals, which consisted of task and user analysis, an icon design survey, initial icon design, final icon design and evaluation, and installation of the iconicmedical information system with the icons.