TL;DR: In this paper, basic principles of modelling of icing caused by freezing precipitation, cloud droplets and wet snow, as well as simulation of icicle growth, are presented, with an emphasis on estimating structural design iceloads and solving operational icing problems.
Abstract: Ice accretion on structures is discussed with an emphasis on estimating structural design iceloads and solving operational icing problems. Basic principles of modelling of icing caused by freezing precipitation, cloud droplets and wet snow, as well as simulation of icicle growth, are presented. Theoretical models of atmospheric ice accretion are critically reviewed, particularly with respect to the simulation of the relevant physical processes. The reasons for the difficulties in simulating some icing phenomena accurately are analysed and proposals for further improvements in the models are made.
TL;DR: An icicle plot is a method for presenting a hierarchical clustering, and their benefits are illustrated using a clustering of 48 objects.
Abstract: An icicle plot is a method for presenting a hierarchical clustering Compared with other methods of presentation, it is far easier in an icicle plot to read off which objects belong to which clusters, and which objects join or drop out from a cluster as we move up and down the levels of the hierarchy, though these benefits only appear when enough objects are being clustered Icicle plots are described, and their benefits are illustrated using a clustering of 48 objects
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the existing widely used models of power line icing in freezing precipitation and pointed out that none of the models is both correct and complete in predicting design glaze ice loads.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of insulators covered with snow or ice was investigated and it was shown that the AC and DC withstand voltages of snow-covered insulators were characterized by the conductivity of water melted from the snow.
Abstract: This paper describes the results of investigation made into the performance of insulators covered with snow or ice. The AC and DC withstand voltages of snow-covered insulators were characterized by the conductivity of water melted from the snow. The AC withstand voltage of ice-coated insulators was characterized by the length of icicles and conductivity of the water melted from the ice. And the switching impulse flashover voltage of snow-covered insulator strings was almost proportional to gap length between the arcing horns or the insulator strings. Flashover voltage of a 75% snow-covered insulator string, which means the worst case, was 40 ?65% of the positive wet flashover voltage of the clean insulator string.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a field study which was carried out at a site near the EHV transmission facilities of Ontario Hydro most severely impacted by the March 10, 1986 storm.