TL;DR: The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.
Abstract: Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs are early recognition, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prompt resuscitation of patients with ongoing sepsis is of utmost important. In hospitals worldwide, non-acceptance of, or lack of access to, accessible evidence-based practices and guidelines result in overall poorer outcome of patients suffering IAIs. The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.
TL;DR: This paper reports on the consensus conference on the management of intra-abdominal infections which was held on July 23, 2016, in Dublin, Ireland, as a part of the annual World Society of Emergency Surgery meeting.
Abstract: This paper reports on the consensus conference on the management of intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) which was held on July 23, 2016, in Dublin, Ireland, as a part of the annual World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) meeting. This document covers all aspects of the management of IAIs. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation recommendation is used, and this document represents the executive summary of the consensus conference findings.
TL;DR: Zareing as mentioned in this paper examined the role of international regulatory cooperation in the development of international law and found that regulatory cooperation not only matters because of its effect on international life, but also because it is a new and increasingly important way that international rules develop.
Abstract: DAVID ZARING^ I. INTRODUCTION This article seeks to shed light on a major question of international law by examining a narrowly defined group of participants in international life. The question is, How do relevant international rules develop? Given the insolvency of the United Nations, the agonies of European unification, and the controversies surrounding the expansion of regional entities such as NAFTA, ASEAN, and NATO, one might be excused for harboring some pessimism concerning the future of the best known fora for international cooperation. That pessimism is augmented by the intuition that international laws are easy to break, even if they are not broken all of the time.1 This article, however, is optimistic about the future of international cooperation because that cooperation is blossoming among the world's regulators. One multibilliondollar global regulatory scheme promulgated by banking regulators and examined in this article may serve as some evidence of that blossoming. But regulatory cooperation not only matters because of its effect on international life, but because it is a new and increasingly important way that international rules develop. The regulatory cooperation studied here-involving banking, securities, and insurance regulators-is not the product of state arrangement, but of international agreement among domestic regulatory agencies that claim to be working for themselves, rather than for their governments.2 I have selected international financial regulatory cooperation as an example of the broader phenomenon of regulatory cooperation in international society because the financial sphere is composed of organizations with diverse ages and memberships,3 has enjoyed tangible successes,4 and has recently attracted the attention of a number of observers of the international scene.5 Three international financial organizations and their activities exemplify this new phenomenon of international regulatory cooperation across borders. The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision (Basle Committee), founded in 1974, consists of representatives of twelve central banks that regulate the world's largest banking markets.6 The Basle Committee seeks to create common standards of banking oversight. The International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), a decade-old organization of securities commissions, consists of representatives of over 100 of the world's securities regulators and pursues a similar sort of harmonization for the world's security rules. The newest of the organizations, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS), first met in 1994. It consists of representatives from almost 100 of the world's insurance regulators interested in the international coordination of their activities.7 The Basle Committee, IOSCO, and IAIS are leading an administrative response to the dramatic globalization of the economy. This globalization is exemplified by the growth of the banking industry. For example, the banking assets of foreign branches of U.S. banks grew from $3.5 billion in 1960 to $378.8 billion in 1990.8 Likewise, foreign banking activity accounted for 22.9% of total U.S. banking assets in 1990,9 up from 15.2% in 1982.10 International banking has thus developed from a relatively unimportant sideline activity of a few major institutions to an important financial activity that accounts for a significant portion of the assets of a number of large banks. Similar changes have occurred in the international securities and insurance markets. The value of transactions in stocks and bonds of all types involving parties residing in different countries increased fourfold during the mid-1980s,11 while American reinsurers doubled the premiums they earned from foreign clients during that decade.12 However, as financial transactions become easier to make transnationally, the specter of financial institutions migrating to countries with lax regulatory regimes and thereby damaging the safety and soundness of financial markets elsewhere becomes, at least to regulators, more real. …
TL;DR: In this article, an international multi-society document was published to facilitate clinical management of patients with intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) worldwide building evidence-based clinical pathways for the most common IAIs.
Abstract: Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in hospitals worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs include early recognition, adequate source control, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and prompt physiologic stabilization using a critical care environment, combined with an optimal surgical approach. Together, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES), the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery (GAIS), the Surgical Infection Society-Europe (SIS-E), the World Surgical Infection Society (WSIS), and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) have jointly completed an international multi-society document in order to facilitate clinical management of patients with IAIs worldwide building evidence-based clinical pathways for the most common IAIs. An extensive non-systematic review was conducted using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, limited to the English language. The resulting information was shared by an international task force from 46 countries with different clinical backgrounds. The aim of the document is to promote global standards of care in IAIs providing guidance to clinicians by describing reasonable approaches to the management of IAIs.
TL;DR: The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) as discussed by the authors is an independent non-governmental organization with the main objective of advancing the supervision of the insurance industry, at both the domestic and international level, in order to maintain efficient, fair, safe, and stable insurance markets.
Abstract: The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) is an independent non-governmental organization with the main objective of advancing the supervision of the insurance industry, at both the domestic and international level, in order to maintain efficient, fair, safe, and stable insurance markets. The IAIS began in 1994 in Basel, Switzerland as an international response to the globalization of insurance markets and the instability of financial markets. The IAIS is composed of and represents insurance regulators and supervisors. The authorities of the IAIS are the General Meeting of Members, the Executive Committee and its committees and subcommittees, and the Secretariat. The primary source of income for the IAIS is its membership or annual fees. The IAIS is a relatively new transnational organization. Th e IAIS spent nearly a decade forming the organizational infrastructure and establishing principles and standards on which to build. Keywords: insurance industry; International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS); organizational structure; transnational economic governance