TL;DR: A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all the authors' phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae, which includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal.
Abstract: With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.
TL;DR: The known species of Central American cheirodontin fishes, characids with a single row of premaxillary teeth, are reviewed and some reasons are presented for considering the CheiroDontinae polyphyletic.
Abstract: Fink, William L., and Stanley H. Weitzman. The So-called Cheirodontin Fishes of Central America with Descriptions of Two New Species (Pisces: Characidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 172, 46 pages, 26 figures, 15 tables, 1974.—The known species of Central American cheirodontin fishes, characids with a single row of premaxillary teeth, are reviewed. A key to their identification is provided. The review includes members of the genera Cheirodon, Carlana, Phenagoniates, and Saccoderma. All species are described and illustrated except for the Central American form of Saccoderma, which is known to us only from juveniles and may belong to an undescribed species. Two new species of Cheirodon are described: C. dialepturus from the Pacific drainages of west-central and western Panama, from eastern Code Province west to the Rio Coto, Costa Rica; and C. mitopterus from the Rio Code del None Basin, an Atlantic drainage of Central Panama. Rhoadsia eigenmanni is placed in Carlana, the generic name available for the preoccupied Carlia. The genera Odonlostilbe, Pseudocheirodon, and Compsura are synonomized with Cheirodon, based on reevaluation of the characters formerly used to define these genera as well as a renewed evaluation of the concept of the genus in characid fishes. Finally, some reasons are presented for considering the Cheirodontinae polyphyletic. OFFICIAL PUBLICATION DATK. is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. SI PRESS NUMBER 5054. SERIES COVER DESIGN: The coral Monlastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus). Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Fink, William L. The so-called cheirodontin fishes of Central America with descriptions of two new species (Pisces: Characidae) (Smithsonian contributions to zoology no. 172) Supt. of Docs, no.: SI 1.27: 172. 1. Characidae. 2. Fishes—Central America. 3. Cheirodon dialepturus. 4. Cheirodon mitopterus. I. Weitzman, Stanley H., joint author. II. Title. III. Series: Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian contributions to zoology, no. 172. QL1.S54 no. 172 [QL638.C5] 591'.08s [597'.'>2] 73-20338 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, 1).C. 20402 • Price $1.05 (paper cover)
TL;DR: The aims of the present study are to propose a phylogenetic diagnosis and to assess higher-level relationships of and within Characidae, using 360 morphological characters studied for 160 species ofCharacidae and related families.
TL;DR: Unless certain other subfamilial names are to be disregarded, the use of Tetragonopterinae should continue to be restricted to species of T Petragonopterus because other genera previously referred to this subfamily grouped in clades A or C, quite distant from Tetragonsopterus.
TL;DR: Two new species of Hyphessobrycon, H. ericae and H. wosiackii, are described from the Amazon basin, Brazil, and are distinguished from congeners by the coloration.
Abstract: Two new species of Hyphessobrycon , H. ericae and H. wosiackii , are described from the Amazon basin, Brazil. Both new species are distinguished from congeners by the coloration, composed by one humeral blotch merging with an anterior dark band restricted to the anterior portion of the body and the presence of a caudal peduncle blotch. Hyphessobrycon ericae is distinguished from H. wosiackii by presenting a humeral spot vertically elongated, with an overall appearance of an arrow, instead of an anteriorly rounded humeral spot.