Hydrostatic test

Abstract: A permanently installed, remotely monitored and controlled transient pressure test system is provided. This system utilizes shut-in/choke valves, pressure sensors and flow meters which are permanently associated with the completion string to perform transient pressure tests in single and multiple zone production and injection wells. The present invention permits full bore testing which thereby eliminates undesirable wellbore storage effects. The present invention further allows for pressure testing limited only to a selected zone (or zones) in a well without expensive well intervention and without halting production from, or injection into, other zones in the well. The permanently located pressure test system of this invention also allows for real-time, downhole nodal sensitivity and control. This pressure test system may be permanently deployed either in production wells or injection wells.

Abstract: CODES, STANDARDS AND PRACTICE A Brief History of Piping Technology National Codes, Standards and Guides Piping and Pipeline Codes Scope of ASME B31 Codes Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Federal and State Laws ASME Council on Codes and Standards ASME B16 Standards API Standards and Recommended Practices Manufacturers Standardization Society Pipe Fabrication Institute Standards American Institute of Steel Construction American Concrete Institute NACE Material Institutes National Board Flow Control Institute Standard Hydraulic Institute Pump Standards References FUNDAMENTALS Competence At the Engineering Level At the Corporate Level MATERIALS Introduction: A Good Pastry Ferrous Pipe Non-Ferrous Pipe Fabrication of Steel Pipe Fabrication of Pipe Fittings and Components Mechanical Properties Procurement References INTERNAL PRESSURE Pressure Design of Piping Pressure Design of Plant Piping Yield and Burst Pressure Pressure Design of Plastic Pipe Pressure Rating Pressure Stress in Fittings High Pressure Design Design Pressure Over-Pressure Protection Burst Energy Pipe Specification Valve Specification References EXTERNAL PRESSURE Buckling Pressure ASME Code Design References LAYOUT AND SUPPORTS Spacing of Pipe Supports Sustained Stress Stress Indices Design Standards Selection of Pipe Supports Design of Standard Support Design of Steel Frames Anchorage to Concrete Layout Rules of Good Practice References FLEXIBILITY AND FATIGUE Layout for Flexibility Simplified Flexibility Analysis Fatigue Smooth Specimen Fatigue Pipe Component Fatigue Fatigue Strength of Socket Welds Fatigue Strength of Butt Welds ASME B31 Fatigue Rules Fracture Mechanics Approach Corrosion Fatigue Shakedown Cold Spring Through-Wall Temperatures Creep Damage Pipe Insulation Expansion Joints References VIBRATION Root Cause Mechanically Induced Vibration Vibration Analysis Hydraulic Induced Vibration Measuring Vibration Assessing Vibration Severity Prevention and Mitigation References FLUID TRANSIENTS Single Liquid Phase Two-Phase Vapor-Liquid Waterhammer Non-Condensable Two-Phase Waterhammer Stress Analysis References WIND DESIGN Wind Damage Wind Pressure Vortex Shedding Wind-Borne Missiles References SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT The Seismic Challenge Seismic Specification Rules of Good Practice Seismic Analysis Techniques Seismic Input Based on IBC Seismic Response Spectra Seismic Qualification Shake Table Testing Seismic Interactions References EXPLOSIONS Deflagration and Detonation Dynamic Loads Dynamic Properties Pressure Limits Design Criteria Explosion Protection External Explosions References SUBSEA PIPELINES Subsea Pipeline Safety Design Process Internal Pressure External Pressure Pipe Lowering On-Bottom Stability Pipeline Flotation Fatigue Design Hook and Pull References BURIED PIPE To Bury or not to Bury Internal Pressure Soil Loads Surface Loads Thermal Expansion and Contraction Ground Movement Seismic References WELDING Shop and Field Welding Welding Processes Weld Defects Codes, Standards and Practice Post-Weld Heat Treatment In-Service Welding Surfacing Techniques References EXAMINATION Visual Examination Magnetic Particles Testing Liquid Penetrant Testing Radiographic Testing Ultrasonic Testing Eddy Current Testing Acoustic Emission Testing Thermography Measurement Accuracy Type and Extent of Examinations Acceptance Criteria Personnel Certification Pipeline Pigs References PIPE FLANGE Flange Standards Flange Types Flange Gaskets Flange Faces Flange Ratings Flange Bolt Torque External Loads Assembly of Pipe Flanges Nuts and Bolts Maintenance References MECHANICAL JOINTS What they Are Swage Firings Grooved Fittings In Conclusion LEAK AND PRESSURE TEST Leak Test and Pressure Test 3 Leak and Pressure Test Methods Choice of Test Method Conduct of Test Isolation Locating Leaks Underground References DEGRADATION IN SERVICE A Critical Decision General Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion Erosion Corrosion Environmental Effects Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion High Temperature Effects Mechanical Damage Lining and Coating Corrosion Inhibitors Material Selection References FITNESS-FOR-SERVICE Fitness-for-Service Wall Thinning Crack Flaws Mechanical Damage References MAINTENANCE, RELIABILITY AND FAILURE ANALYSIS Case History Maintenance Objective Maintenance Plan Maintenance Strategies Corrective Maintenance Failure Modes Pro-Active Maintenance PDM Techniques Reliability Maintenance and the Construction Codes Elements of Failure Analysis References REPAIR TECHNIQUES Repair Strategy Replacement Grinding Out Defects Weld Overlay Full Encirclement Sleeve Fillet Welded Patch Flush Welded Patch Welded Leak Box Mechanical Clamp Composite Overwrap Buried Pipe Rehabilitation Brushed and Sprayed Lining and Coating Pipe Straightening References PLASTIC PIPE Plastic Form Size Chemical Resistance Physical and Mechanical Properties Pressure Design Pressure Cycling Fatigue Pressure Design of Fittings Support Spacing Fabrication and Examination Bonding Qualification References VALVES Overview Gate Valves Globe Valves Plug Valves Ball Valves Butterfly Valves Diaphragm Valves Check Valves Safety and Relief Valves Control Valves Sizing Gas Control Valves Valve Actuators Closure Test References APPENDIX STANDARD PIPE SIZES INDEX

Abstract: Compaction of concrete is physically a collapse of the material porous microstructure. It produces plastic strains in the material and, at the same time, an increase of its bulk modulus. This paper presents two experimental techniques aimed at obtaining the hydrostatic response of concrete and mortar. The first one is a uniaxial confined compression test which is quite simple to implement and allows to reach hydrostatic pressures of about 600 MPa. The specimen size is large enough so that concrete with aggregate sizes up to 16 nam can be tested. The second one is a true hydrostatic test performed on smaller (mortar) specimens. Test results show that the hydrostatic response of the material is elasto-plastic with a stiffening effect on both the tangent and unloading bulk moduli. The magnitude of the irreversible volumetric strains depends on the initial porosity of the material. This porosity can be related in a first approximation to the water/cement ratio. A comparison of the hydrostatic responses obtained from the two testing techniques on the same material show that the hydrostatic response of cementitious materials cannot be uncoupled from the deviatoric response, as opposed to the standard assumption in constitutive relations for metal alloys. This feature should be taken into account in the development of constitutive relations for concrete subjected to high confinement pressures which are needed in the modelling of impact problems.