TL;DR: In this article, the advantages of radiant cooling in combination with hydronic thermal distribution systems, as compared to the commonly-used all-air systems, are discussed, and the peak power requirement is also compared for hydronic systems and conventional all air systems.
TL;DR: The major common denominator for future efficient fourth generation district heating systems is lower temperature levels in the distribution networks as mentioned in this paper, since future buildings will have lower temperature demands when requiring lower heat demands.
TL;DR: In this article, a single self-contained hydronic control unit is used for zoned heating operation in which a series of individual room thermostats and zone valves control the flow of heated water into each of the heating zones.
Abstract: A hydronic heating system including a single self-contained hydronic control unit. The hydronic control unit allows for zoned heating operation in which a series of individual room thermostats and zone valves control the flow of heated water into each of the heating zones. The hydronic control unit operates an oil or gas fired boiler to maintain boiler water temperature at a selected value. The hydronic control unit includes a priority terminal which can be connected to a priority heating zone, such as an indirect fired water heater. Upon receiving a demand for heat from the priority heating zone, the hydronic control unit diverts the flow of heated water from the boiler to the priority zone exclusively. The hydronic control unit further includes a terminal for connection of an outdoor air sensor. In cooperation with the outdoor air sensor, the hydronic control unit can operate in a boiler reset operating mode such that the boiler temperature is related to the outside air temperature. The hydronic control unit includes a terminal for connection of a hot water sensor, which is also connected to a safety terminal. The hot water sensor indicates the temperature of water in the boiler, and provides a safety switch should the water in the boiler exceed an upper limit. The hydronic control unit further includes connection for a low water cut-off probe that interrupts the power to the hydronic control unit should the quantity of water in the hydronic heating system fall below a minimum value. The hydronic control unit incorporates the above-identified features in a single control housing, such that only one power connection is needed for the above-identified features.
TL;DR: A variable velocity calibration and balancing system having a basis in a function block engine has been proposed in this paper for variable air volume systems and particularly to balancing systems as they relate to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Abstract: A variable velocity calibration and balancing system having a basis in a function block engine. It pertains to variable air volume systems and particularly to balancing systems as they relate to heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Balancing may be addressed using functional blocks to represent actual control and connections in an HVAC application for a variable air volume application.