TL;DR: It is proposed that the enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of lunularic acid, the first example of a STS-type reaction that does not lose the terminal carboxyl group during the ring folding to the end product.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that Lunularia cruciata can be biosynthesized by the phenylpropanoid-polymalonate pathway, and a hypothesis for the photoperiodic control of liverwort growth by control of lunularic acid synthesis was presented.
TL;DR: Recent studies on PPARγ agonist-like constituents, such as hydrangenol and hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var.
Abstract: Potent ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) such as thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone, troglitazone, etc.) improve insulin sensitivity by increasing the levels of adiponectin, an important adipocytokine associated with insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue. Several constituents from medicinal plants were recently reported to show PPARγ agonist-like activity in 3T3-L1 cells, but did not show agonistic activity at the receptor site different from thiazolidinediones. Our recent studies on PPARγ agonist-like constituents, such as hydrangenol and hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii, piperlonguminine and retrofractamide A from the fruit of Piper chaba, and tetramethylkaempferol and pentamethylquercetin from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora, are reviewed.
TL;DR: Lunularic acid and hydrangeic acid have been shown to bind with moderate affinity to the receptor for 1- N -naphthylphthalamic acid in maize coleoptiles and zucchini hypocotyls, but unlike non-phenolic phytotropins, they do not prevent the gravitropic response.