TL;DR: Preliminary measurements of the topographic expression of the primary tuff cone over ~30 months suggest a lifetime of ~19 years (and potentially up to 42 years), which would indicate the ability to measure details of a young island's landscape evolution using satellite remote sensing has not been possible at these spatial and temporal resolutions.
Abstract: We have monitored a newly erupted volcanic island in the Kingdom of Tonga, unofficially known as Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai, by means of relatively frequent high spatial resolution (~50 cm) satellite observations. The new ~1.8 km 2(exp) island formed as a tuff cone over the course of a month‐long hydromagmatic eruption in early 2015 in the Tonga‐Kermadec volcanic arc. Such ash‐dominated eruptions usually produce fragile subaerial landscapes that wash away rapidly due to marine erosion, as occurred nearby in 2009. Our measured rates of erosion are ~0.00256 km 3(exp) / year from derived digital topographic models. Preliminary measurements of the topographic expression of the primary tuff cone over ~30 months suggest a lifetime of ~19 years (and potentially up to 42 years). The ability to measure details of a young island's landscape evolution using satellite remote sensing has not previously been possible at these spatial and temporal resolutions.
TL;DR: In 2018 and 2019, a collaborative partnership between the Kingdom of Tonga, Sea Education Association (SEA), and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ran expeditions to HTHH to calibrate satellite observations via field, ship, and drone-based measurements as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a Table of Table of contents of the paper "Acknowledgements and acknowledgements of the authors of this paper: https://www.goprocessor.org/
Abstract: .................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ iv Table of
TL;DR: Ka āpiti hono tātai hono, te hunga mate ki tehunga mate as mentioned in this paper, Ka ā piti tai tai haa ora, te hunga mate, te haa mate.
Abstract: Ka āpiti hono tātai hono, te hunga mate ki te hunga mate. Ka āpiti hono tātai hono, te hunga ora ki te hunga ora.Let the ties that bind the dead be joined with the ties that bind the living.This sp...