TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the current understanding of the three key areas of wet granulation processes: wetting and nucleation, consolidation and growth, and breakage and attrition.
TL;DR: A classification of granulation mechanisms based on the collisional dissipation of relative particle kinetic energy and binder viscosity is introduced and Fluid-bed granulation and defluidization experiments supporting this simple classification ofgranulation regimes are presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a general theoretical and practical framework of binder granulation that takes an agglomeration process from binder selection and testing to granule formation, growth and consolidation.
TL;DR: For wet granulation in high-shear mixers, specific methods based on the liquid saturation and the consistency of the wet mass are described and engineering techniques based on particle size population balance modelling are under development for both fluid bed and high- shear granulation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a regime map of granule growth behavior is proposed based on granule deformation during collision and the granule liquid content measured as the maximum pore saturation.
Abstract: A regime map of granule growth behavior is proposed based on granule deformation during collision and the granule liquid content measured as the maximum pore saturation. The granule deformability on collision is represented by a deformation number, which is a ratio of granule impact energy to the plastic energy absorbed per unit strain. Granule growth regimes such as steady growth, induction, nudeation, crumb, and slurry are defined. Ttus regime map qualitatively explains the variations in granulation behavior. Laboratory drum granulation experiments were used to test the regime map. Experiments were performed in a 0.3-m-dia. drum using three sizes of glass ballotini (19, 31, and 60 μm) with water andglycerol as liquid binders. Increasing granule yield stress by decreasing particle size and increasing binder viscosity caused the system to move from steady growth to induction behavior as predicted by the regime map. Preliminary validation with literature data was also encouraging. More work, however, is required to better quantify the boundaries bet\veen different growth regimes and to investigate the effect of process agitation intensity. Tfiis regime map has great potential to help design and control granulation systems, because it is based on properties of the powder/binder system that can be measured or estimated without performing any granulation tests.