TL;DR: It is found that overall plumage brightness best fits a model that includes selective regimes based on open versus closed habitats and foraging strata, while plumage measures describing color diversity and chroma best fit a models that only include selective regimesbased on open and closed habitats.
TL;DR: Analyses of both mitochondrial gene fragments suggest Cnemoscopus rubrirostris is part of the Hemispingus assemblage, occupying a basal position in the phylogeny of the group.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships among Hemispingus tanagers are currently not well understood Recent work based on partial mtDNA sequences of the ND2 gene supported unambiguously the mono- phyly of the genus The genus Cnemoscopus has been considered sister to the genus Hemispingus We added the corresponding ND2 sequences of H parodii and Cnemoscopus rubrirostris to our previous data set, and re- analyzed it We also analyzed partial cytochrome b sequences for a subset of species Our best hypothesis suggests three main clades within the genus: 1) ochraceous birds (frontalis, melanotis, piurae, and trifasciatus), 2) conspicuous eye-browed birds (calophrys, parodii, auricularis, atropileus), and 3) warbler-like birds (xanthoph- thalmus and verticalis) The position of H superciliaris (and presumably reyi) is ambiguous, with results placing it either with the ochraceous birds or with the warbler-like birds The deepest Hemispingus, basal to these three clades, is H rufosuperciliaris (and H goeringi) Analyses of both mitochondrial gene fragments suggest Cnemoscopus rubrirostris is part of the Hemispingus assemblage, occupying a basal position in the phylogeny of the group Additional analyses including Poospiza species, however, fail to recover a monophyletic Hemispin- gus The current data available are thus insufficient to unambiguously confirm or reject monophyly of the genus Accepted 30 November 2002
TL;DR: The molecular data suggest that most of the diversity in Hemispingus tanagers predates the period of marked ecoclimatic fluctuations in the upper Pleistocene.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the phylogenetic relationships of 12 species within a single genus of neotropical passerine (Poospiza) using 849 bp (283 codons) of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene.