TL;DR: Evidence from branch lengths in the parsimony analyses and from the fossil record suggests that the Zingiberales originated in the Early Cretaceous and underwent a rapid radiation in the mid-Cretaceous, by which time most extant family lineages had diverged.
Abstract: The Zingiberales are a tropical group of monocotyledons that includes bananas, gingers, and their relatives. The phylogenetic relationships among the eight families currently recognized are investigated here by using parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of four character sets: morphological features (1), and sequence data of the (2) chloroplast rbcL gene, (3) chloroplast atpB gene, and (4) nuclear 18S rDNA gene. Outgroups for the analyses include the closely related Commelinaceae + Philydraceae + Haemodoraceae + Pontederiaceae + Hanguanaceae as well as seven more distantly related monocots and paleoherbs. Only slightly different estimates of evolutionary relationships result from the analysis of each character set. The morphological data yield a single fully resolved most-parsimonious tree. None of the molecular datasets alone completely resolves interfamilial relationships. The analyses of the combined molecular dataset provide more resolution than do those of individual genes, and the addition of the morphological data provides a well-supported estimate of phylogenetic relationships: (Musaceae ((Strelitziaceae, Lowiaceae) (Heliconiaceae ((Zingiberaceae, Costaceae) (Cannaceae, Marantaceae))))). Evidence from branch lengths in the parsimony analyses and from the fossil record suggests that the Zingiberales originated in the Early Cretaceous and underwent a rapid radiation in the mid-Cretaceous, by which time most extant family lineages had diverged.
TL;DR: A new genus of Ptiliidae: Acrotrichinae with two species Phytotelmatrichis peruviensis sp.
Abstract: Phytotelmatrichis, gen. n. a new genus of Ptiliidae: Acrotrichinae with two species Phytotelmatrichis peruviensis sp. n. and Phytotelmatrichis osopaddington sp. n. is described and illustrated. The new species were found during a survey of insects in the aquatic environments that form in the hollows (phytotelmata) in the leaves and floral bracts of Zingiberales plants. The new taxa were found in the the Zingiberales genera Calathea (Marantaceae), Heliconia (Heliconiaceae), and Alpinia and Renealmia (Zingiberaceae) in southern Peru. Sampling of other habitats in the same areas over five years and using a range of different techniques did not yield more specimens of this new genus. This suggests that the new species are restricted to phytotelmata.
TL;DR: Plastid coding regions are insufficient to resolve and support the earliest divergences among families of Zingiberales, adding to a growing body of literature suggesting that they may not provide enough character information for resolving ancient, rapid radiations.
TL;DR: A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the Zingiberales is presented and the distribution patterns and diversity of Heliconia are discussed and some controversy exists over the taxonomic status of at least eight species.
Abstract: A review of the phylogenetic relationships of the Zingiberales is presented and the distribution patterns and diversity of Heliconia are discussed. Sixty-five species names have been applied to the heliconias that occur in Brazil. Of these 65 names, 28 are generally recognized synonyms. Of the remaining 37 species of Brazilian Heliconia, some controversy exists over the taxonomic status of at least eight. Two primary areas of distribution of species of Heliconia exist in Brazil: the Amazon basin (21 species) and the Atlantic coastal forest (20 species).