Topic
Head-related transfer function
About: Head-related transfer function is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 830 publications have been published within this topic receiving 16786 citations. The topic is also known as: HRTF & anatomical transfer function.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
Book•
31 Dec 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the physics of the external ear (transfer functions of external ear, area function and termination of the ear canal, analysis of transfer characteristics) evaluation of monaural attributes of ear input signals (lateralization and multiple auditory events, summing localization and the law of the first wavefront, inhibition of the primary sound) two sound sources radiating partially coherent or incoherent signals (the influence of the degree of coherence, binaural signal detection) more than two sound source and diffuse sound fields.
Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: auditory events and auditory space systems analysis of the auditory experiment remarks concerning experimental procedures (psychometric methods, signals and sound fields, probe microphones). Part 2 Spatial hearing with one sound source: localization and localization blur the sound field at the two ears (propagation in the ear canal, the pinna and the effect of the head, transfer functions of the external ear) evaluating identical ear input signals (directional hearing in the median plane, distance hearing and inside-the-head locatedness) evaluating nonidentical ear inputs signals (interaural time differences, interaural level differences, the interaction of interaural time and level differences) additional parameters (motional theories, bone-condition, visual, vestibular and tactile theories). Part 3 Spatial hearing with multiple sound sources and in enclosed spaces: two sound sources radiating coherent signals (summing localization, the law of the first wavefront, inhibition of the primary sound) two sound sources radiating partially coherent or incoherent signals (the influence of the degree of coherence, binaural signal detection) more than two sound sources and diffuse sound fields. Part 4 Progress and trends since 1972: preliminary remarks the physics of the external ear (transfer functions of the external ear, area function and termination of the ear canal, analysis of transfer characteristics) evaluation of monaural attributes of the ear input signals evaluation of interaural attributes of the ear input signals (lateralization and multiple auditory events, summing localization and the law of the first wavefront, binaural localization, signal detection, and speech recognition in the presence of interfering noise, models of binaural signal processing) examples of applications (the auditory spatial impression, dummy-head stereophony). Part 5 Progress and trends since 1982: preliminary remarks binaural room simulation and auditory virtual reality binaural signal processing and speech enhancement the precedence effect - a case of cognition.
2,508 citations
TL;DR: Data suggest that while the interaural cues to horizontal location are robust, the spectral cues considered important for resolving location along a particular cone-of-confusion are distorted by a synthesis process that uses nonindividualized HRTFs.
Abstract: A recent development in human-computer interfaces is the virtual acoustic display, a device that synthesizes three-dimensional, spatial auditory information over headphones using digital filters constructed from head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). The utility of such a display depends on the accuracy with which listeners can localize virtual sound sources. A previous study [F. L. Wightman and D. J. Kistler, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 868-878 (1989)] observed accurate localization by listeners for free-field sources and for virtual sources generated from the subjects' own HRTFs. In practice, measurement of the HRTFs of each potential user of a spatial auditory display may not be feasible. Thus, a critical research question is whether listeners can obtain adequate localization cues from stimuli based on nonindividualized transforms. Here, inexperienced listeners judged the apparent direction (azimuth and elevation) of wideband noisebursts presented in the free-field or over headphones; headphone stimuli were synthesized using HRTFs from a representative subject of Wightman and Kistler. When confusions were resolved, localization of virtual sources was quite accurate and comparable to the free-field sources for 12 of the 16 subjects. Of the remaining subjects, 2 showed poor elevation accuracy in both stimulus conditions, and 2 showed degraded elevation accuracy with virtual sources. Many of the listeners also showed high rates of front-back and up-down confusions that increased significantly for virtual sources compared to the free-field stimuli. These data suggest that while the interaural cues to horizontal location are robust, the spectral cues considered important for resolving location along a particular cone-of-confusion are distorted by a synthesis process that uses nonindividualized HRTFs.
999 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fundamental ideas of the binaural recording technique are discussed and a model is given that describes the sound transmission from a source in a free field, through the external ear to the eardrum.
559 citations
TL;DR: Free-field to eardrum transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured from both ears of 10 subjects with sound sources at 265 different positions and revealed that the HRTFs can be modeled as a linear combination of five basic spectral shapes (basis functions), and that this representation accounts for approximately 90% of the variance in the original HRTF magnitude functions.
Abstract: Free‐field to eardrum transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured from both ears of 10 subjects with sound sources at 265 different positions. A principal components analysis of the resulting 5300 HRTF magnitude functions revealed that the HRTFs can be modeled as a linear combination of five basic spectral shapes (basis functions), and that this representation accounts for approximately 90% of the variance in the original HRTF magnitude functions. HRTF phase was modeled by assuming that HRTFs are minimum‐phase functions and that interaural phase differences can be approximated by a simple time delay. Subjects’ judgments of the apparent directions of headphone‐presented sounds that had been synthesized from the modeled HRTFs were nearly identical to their judgments of sounds synthesized from measured HRTFs. With fewer than five basis functions used in the model, a less faithful reconstruction of the HRTF was produced, and the frequency of large localization errors increased dramatically.
549 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured on 40 human subjects for 97 directions of sound incidence, covering the entire sphere Individual HRTF data for the median, horizontal, and frontal planes are presented in the frequency domain Measurements were made synchronously at both ears, thus making the time representations, that is, the headrelated impulse responses, valid also when interaural time differences are considered.
Abstract: Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured on 40 human subjects for 97 directions of sound incidence, covering the entire sphere Individual HRTF data for the median, horizontal, and frontal planes are presented in the frequency domain Measurements were made synchronously at both ears, thus making the time representations, that is, the head-related impulse responses (HRIRs), valid also when interaural time differences are considered The measurements were made at the entrance to the blocked ear canal Sound at this point contains full spatial information, and the interindividual variation is lower than at the open ear canal
363 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 1 |
| 2024 | 6 |
| 2023 | 27 |
| 2022 | 25 |
| 2021 | 15 |
| 2020 | 30 |