Hadrianus

Abstract: In his essay published in \"Philosophy and History\"' Dr. Saxl traced the various uses to which the motto \"Veritas Filia Temporis\" was put by English monarchs from Henry VIII to Elizabeth, showing how it was made to serve the causes of Protestantism and Catholicism in turn. I wish to indicate some uses of the motto in the same period which Dr. Saxl has not dealt with. There is a dramatic use of \"Veritas Filia Temporis\" centring round the figure of Mary, who had adopted the motto as her personal device, and representing the confluence of several streams of tradition. In I553 was published \"a merye enterlude\" called Respublica, \"made in the first yeare of the moost prosperous Reigne of our moste gracious Soverainge, Quene Marye the first.\" The plot of the play is simple. The widow Respublica, who laments the plight into which she has fallen, is deceived by Avarice, Oppression, Adulation and Insolence, into taking them as her ministers. (They present themselves as Policie, Reformation, Honesty, and Authority.) Naturally things go from bad to worse, and People's state is worse than it had ever been. God sends Misericordia, Veritas, Iusticia and Pax to help Respublica; the villains are unveiled, and judged by Nemesis, who departs leaving Respublica under the tutelage of the four sisters. The application of the play is made clear by the Prologue, who ends:

Abstract: Key words: Testudinidae, Upper Eocene (probable), Naia, Portugal. A land tortoise from a new locality at Naia, Tondela, is described. It is to be. reported either to an advanced form of the genus Hadrianus or to an archaic representative of Cheirogaster; it may be included in the comprehensive genus Geochelone s. I., excluding however Ergilemys and its descendants. There is a strong possibility in favour of Cheirogaster. Testudo must also be excluded. It is not possible to classify this specimen at species' level. Our specimen does agree best with Upper Eocene Testudinidae and with some Lower Oligocene ones. Its age is certainly not Upper Oligocene or later, nor Lower and Middle Eocene. This datation is not opposed to the age of the fossiliferous clays of Naia as supposed by correlation with another locality - Coja, about 30 km to the South - which 'yielded an assemblage of mammals whose Ludian (Upper Bartonian s. I.) age seems well established. Naia and Coja's fossil-bearing clays must be nearly synchronous; their origin is well in place among the phenomena related to the surrection of iberian Central Chain during paroxysmal phase of pyrenean orogenesis.

Abstract: The alpha taxonomy and paleogeography of testudinid and geoemydid turtles of the early Eocene (Wasatchian-Bridgerian) of western North America have received little attention since their original description. We reassess the alpha taxonomy of six species of the genera Echmatemys and Hadrianus. Additionally, we analyze new material, including juvenile specimens of Hadrianus corsoni, H. majusculus, E. haydeni and E. naomi. Proceeding taxonomic assessment we also examined a large sample of extant Gopherus agassizii to help us understand what characters were and were not consistent between individuals. This led us to use different characters than other recent assessments of fossil testudinoid morphology. A phylogenetic analysis reveals that the four nominal species of Echmatemys examined form a polyphyletic group, with E. lativertabralis as the outlier. In examining the global stratigraphic distribution of early Testudinidae we conclude that the oldest and most basal tortoises are from the western United States. From this we conclude that the Testudinidae likely evolved in North America from one of the geoemydid-like forms lumped in the genus Echmatemys, which have their lowest stratigraphic occurrence in the earliest Wasatchian North American land-mammal “age” (early Eocene, Ypresian). From here we suggest a bi-directional migration of testudinids to Europe and Asia took place. The Asian migration gave rise to the extant Manouria lineage and the European migration spawned all extant tortoises more derived than Manouria and Gopherus.