Ganoderma zonatum

Abstract: Problem statement: Basal Stem Rot disease (BSR) is one of the most ser ious diseases that have been causing major losses in the oil palm indu stry in Southeast Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. Several species of Ganoderma have been reported pathogenic to oil palm, however , the diversity and differentiation of the Ganoderma species were not widely studied and the identity o f these species are still unclear which may lead to i naccurate and inefficient decision-making in diseas e management. Approach: In this study, several isolates of Ganoderma were collected in Sarawak, Malaysia and the Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction was carried out to differentiate the isolates into species level. This was followed by morphologi cal studies of basidiocarp of the Ganoderma isolates cultivated via artificial cultivation wher eby parameters, such as basidiocarp and spore size, color and physical morphology were recorded. Results: Multiplex PCR could be used to differentiate the Ganoderma isolates, however, optimization had to be done to o btain convincing results. Morphology studies of the Ganoderma isolates showed that spore length could be used to distinguish among the Ganoderma species. Conclusion: Three Ganoderma species viz., G. boninense , G. zonatum and G. miniatocinctum are associated with the basal stem rot disease in Sarawak. Further studies on Ganoderma morphological traits is suggested so that immediate identification method can be developed to give guidance in deciding the most sui table way for control measures without any delay, leading to reduced palm deaths and disease control cost, thus, reducing losses in the oil palm industr y.

Abstract: ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. diamond scale, fusarium wilt, ganoderma butt rot, lethal yellowing, Nalanthamala, Gliocladium, Phytophthora, polymerase chain reaction, Thielaviopsis SUMMARY. Palms (Arecaceae) are affected by a variety of pathogens, most of which are fungi. We detail pathogens, host ranges, disease description, diagnosis and epidemiology as well as management for the significant, usually fatal, diseases affecting palms grown in the continental United States and Hawaii. These include fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. canariensis) of canary island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), diamond scale (Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae), ganoderma butt rot (Ganoderma zonatum), lethal yellowing (Candidatus Phytoplasma palmae subgroup 16SrIV-A), and diseases caused by Nalanthamala (Gliocladium), Phytophthora, and Thielaviopsis. We have omitted the leaf spot and minor blight diseases that often affect palms but pose no long-term consequence to their health and survival. Visual symptoms of lethal palm diseases are often similar, necessitating the isolation or detection of the pathogen with cultural, microscopic, or molecular methods. Management of palm diseases is varied, often requiring in-depth knowledge of the biology of the pathogen and its’ infection process. Quarantine, eradication, sanitation, and proper species selection and culture are necessary practices to limit the spread of new and existing diseases of palms in landscapes and nurseries.

Abstract: Three lanostane-type triterpenoids [lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one 15,26-dihydroxy, lanosta-7,9(11),24trien-26-oic,3-hydroxy and ganoderic acid y], four steroids[ (22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β,5 α.6 β-triol, 5α,8 α-epidiory (22E,24R-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol, ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol,7 (ergosterol) and ergosta7,22-dien-3β-ol,6] and a benzene derivative (dimethyl phthalate) were isolated from ethyl acetate crude extract of Ganoderma zonatum Murill. of oil palm from Cameroon. Their structures were elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron impact ionization mass spectrum experiments (EI-MS) and by comparing with the data reported in literature. The highly oxygenated lanostane triterpenoid ganoderic acid y- showed moderate cytotoxicity against two human tumour cell lines, SMMC-7721 (liver cancer) and A549 (lung cancer) with IC 50 values of 33.5 and 29.9 �M, respectively and no activity on HL-60, MCF-7 and SW480, while lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3-one,15;26-dihydroxy and lanosta7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic,3-hydroxy, showed no activity. The three lanostane triterpeniods had the same molecular formula, molecular weight, behaviour on the TLC plates, with the same retention factor value of 3 (when petroleum ether-acetone was used in the ratio of 3:1), but with slightly different structures. These compounds have not been reported occurring together from any other species of Ganoderma. Their simultaneous occurrence might thus, serve as a diagnostic chemotaxonomic character for G. zonatum , The 1 H NMR data is provided for the first time for lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-26-oic,3-hydroxy.

Abstract: Mating compatibility and restriction analyses of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions were performed to determine the relations between Ganoderma boninense, the most common species associated with basal stem rot in oil palm and Ganoderma isolates from infected oil palm, two ornamental palms, sealing wax palm (Cyrtostachys renda) and MacArthur palm (Ptychosperma macarthurii), an isolate from coconut stump (Cocos nucifera), Ganoderma miniatocinctum, Ganoderma zonatum and Ganoderma tornatum. The results showed that G. boninense was compatible with Ganoderma isolates from oil palm, G. miniatocinctum and G. zonatum, Ganoderma isolates from sealing wax palm, MacArthur palm and coconut stump. G. boninense was not compatible with G. tornatum. Therefore, the results suggested that the G. boninense, G. miniatocinctum, G. zonatum, and Ganoderma isolates from oil palm, ornamental palms and coconut stump could represent the same biological species. In performing a restriction analysis of the ITS regions, variations were observed in which five haplotypes were generated from the restriction patterns. An unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that all the Ganoderma isolates were grouped into five primary groups, and the similarity values of the isolates ranged from 97% to 100%. Thus, a restriction analysis of the ITS regions showed that G. boninense and the Ganoderma isolates from other palm hosts were closely related. On the basis of the mating compatibility test and the restriction analysis of the ITS regions performed in this study, a diverse group of Ganoderma species from oil palm and other palm hosts are closely related, except for G. tornatum and Ganoderma isolates from tea and rubber.