TL;DR: The authors introduced an extension of distinctive-collocate analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating pairs of semantically similar grammatical constructions and the lexemes that occur in them.
Abstract: This paper introduces an extension of distinctive-collocate analysis that takes into account grammatical structure and is specifically geared to investigating pairs of semantically similar grammatical constructions and the lexemes that occur in them. The method, referred to as `distinctive-collexeme analysis', identifies lexemes that exhibit a strong preference for one member of the pair as opposed to the other, and thus makes it possible to identify subtle distributional differences between the members of such a pair. The method can be applied in the context of what is sometimes referred to as `grammatical alternation' (e.g. the dative alternation), but it can also be applied to other choices provided by the grammar (such as the two future tense constructions in English). The method has two main applications. First, it can reveal subtle differences between seemingly synonymous constructions, many of which are difficult to identify on the basis of more traditional approaches. Second, it can be used to investigate the very notion of `alternation'; we show that many alternations are much more restricted than has hitherto been assumed, and thus confirm the claims of recent, non-derivational views of grammar.
TL;DR: An Essay on the Origins and Development of African American English is presented in this article. But it does not discuss the history of the English language. But it is based on the Samana Peninsula.
Abstract: List of Figures. List of Tables. Series Preface. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 2. African Americans in the Samana Peninsula. 3. African Americans in Nova Scotia: Settlement and Data. 4. External Controls. 5. Method. 6. The Past Tense. 7. The Present Tense. 8. The Future Tense. 9. Conclusions: An Essay on the Origins and Development of African American English. References. Index.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the construction of pronouns and their role in speech, and some examples show how the role of adjectives and adverbs in speech development has changed in the modern era.
Abstract: Thanks and acknowledgements Introduction Part 1. Background Theory and Guidelines: 1. Grammar 2. Practice 3. Activities Part 2. Activities: 1. Adjectives 2. Adverbs 3. Conditionals 4. Future tense 5. Imperatives 6. Indirect speech 7. Interrogatives 8. Is/are and there is/there are 9. Modals 10. Negatives 11. Nouns, articles and determiners 12. Numbers 13. Passives 14. Past tenses 15. Possessives 16. Prepositions 17. Present tense 18. Pronouns 19. Relative clauses 20. Short answers and tag questions 21. Verb structures References and further reading Index.
TL;DR: This paper examined how topic familiarity and working memory capacity affect beginning Spanish learners' reading comprehension and their processing of future tense morphology and found that significant findings for working memory emerged depending on participants' previous knowledge about text topics.
Abstract: This study examines how topic familiarity and working memory capacity affect beginning Spanish learners' reading comprehension and their processing of future tense morphology. Participants included 94 adult learners from an accelerated, beginning Spanish course. In addition to completing a computerized version of a reading span test as a measure of working memory capacity, all learners read texts about familiar or unfamiliar topics and completed recall protocols to measure passage comprehension. They also completed form recognition and tense identification tests to determine processing of future tense morphology. The results revealed consistent effects for topic familiarity on all tasks. Although differences in working memory capacity played some role in learners' comprehension and processing grammatical form, significant findings for working memory emerged depending on participants' previous knowledge about text topics.
TL;DR: A typology of subject and object markers in African languages is presented in this paper, with a focus on Bantu passives and agent phrases in the context of switch reference.
Abstract: 1. Introduction (by Voeltz, F.K. Erhard) 2. Future tense and aspect marking in Southern Bantu (by Batibo, Herman M.) 3. The marking of directional deixis in Somali: How typological idiosyncratic is it? (by Bourdin, Philippe) 4. A typology of subject and object markers in African languages (by Creissels, Denis) 5. Head marking, dependent marking and constituent order in the Nilotic area (by Dimmendaal, Gerrit J.) 6. Agent phrases in Bantu passives (by Fleisch, Axel) 7. Grammaticalization of switch reference: Motivation and means (by Frajzyngier, Zygmunt) 8. Complex predicates based on generic auxiliaries as an areal feature in Northeast Africa (by Guldemann, Tom) 9. The OHO constraint (by Hayward, Richard J.) 10. The word in Luganda. (by Hyman, Larry M.) 11. Case in Africa: On categorial misbehavior (by Konig, Christa) 12. The typology of relative clause formation in African languages (by Kuteva, Tania) 13. Deictic categories in particles and demonstratives in three Gur languages (by Lebikaza, Kezie Koyenzi) 14. Preprefix or not - that is the question: The case of Kwangali, Kwanyama and Ndonga (by Legere, Karsten) 15. Nonverbal and verbal negations in Kabyle (Berber): A typological perspective (by Mettouchi, Amina) 16. Grammaticalization chains of the verb Kare 'to give' in Kabba (by Moser, Rosmarie) 17. Selectors in Cushitic (by Mous, Maarten) 18. How Bantu is Kiyansi?: A re-examination of its verbal inflections (by Mufwene, Salikoko S.) 19. Diathesis alternation in some Gur languages (by Reineke, Brigitte) 20. Structure and function of incorporation processes in compounding (by Riehl, Claudia Maria) 21. Toward a typological perspective for Emai's BE constructions. (by Schaefer, Ronald P.) 22. Intrinsic focus and focus control in two varieties of Hausa (by Wolff, H. Ekkehard) 23. Language index 24. Name index 25. Subject index