Abstract: A critical review is presented which draws together results from model tests and computations on the mechanisms by which the spud-can foundation of an independent leg offshore jack-up structure can penetrate deeply into the seabed through both uniform and stratified deposits. Particular consideration is given to the so-called punch-through mode in layered soil profiles, where a strong stratum overlies a weaker one. Little evidence has been found to support the mechanical basis of two methods of analysis commonly used in the offshore industry where foundations often have dimensions in excess of 10 m while conventional laboratory models have rarely exceeded 100 mm. New model tests performed in a centrifuge with stresses appropriate to offshore foundations are reported and these show different mechanisms from many unit gravity models. The need for a reappraisal of the basis of analysis is established. Where large volumes of soil are displaced by spud-can preloading, offshore analysis should explicitly addres...

Abstract: Classroom knowledge provides a framework for understanding how classroom systems work and how curriculum can be represented and enacted in these environments. It also provides a framework for inventing practices grounded in the realities of school settings. Doyle argues that classroom knowledge is the core foundation for teacher research and practice.

Abstract: A pinned foundation system with resiliency under certain loading conditions and requiring minimum excavation, having a cast footing in combination with a plurality of sleeves through which piles may be driven into the soil to create the necessary bearing, uplift and lateral forces to support a structure. The sleeves are retained in fixed position relative to the footing, at predetermined angles corresponding to the specific structure loading characteristics desired for the ensuing foundation.

Abstract: This introductory level test is suitable for hours and college-prep courses in high schools and offers a solid foundation of basic concepts and applications.

Abstract: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation through Grant Nos. OCE 85-11014 and OCE 88-13307.

Abstract: CAOS is a system for structural shape optimization. It is closely integrated in a Computer Aided Design environment and controlled entirely from the CAD-system AutoCAD. The mathematical foundation of the system is briefly presented and a description of the CAD-integration strategy is given together with an example.

Abstract: A method is proposed for recovering valuable substances, particularly from construction site wastes and industrial trash as well as a system for implementing the method in which the essential sorters are disposed in a closed container which can be placed onto an elevated foundation. The foundation is formed by intersecting walls which simultaneously serve as partitions for various bunkers.

Abstract: Expansive soil has been responsible for many structural damages that result in great financial losses in many parts of the world including Saudi Arabia. Reliable prediction of ground heave is essential for the development of more effective and economical design of structures on expansive soil. Three procedures are commonly used for this purpose; oedometer test method, suction technique and empirical relationships. Available methodology for the prediction of swell potential in expansive soils and techniques proposed for quantitative analysis of heave are presented in this paper. Also, alternative soil treatment methods to minimize swell potential of expansive soils or foundation design criteria to safely accomodate ground movements are discussed herein.

Abstract: A major crisis in the profession of school psychology has emerged from the body of recent empirical studies in psychology and education. Research on school psychology assessments has suggested that little, if any, data are produced in these evaluations which is useful for the remediation of students' educational problems. Likewise, psychoeducational treatments of the behavior and learning problems of school children have empirically shown only weak, if any, efficacy. An examination of some of the fundamental philosophical, theoretical, and practical foundations of school psychology yielded reasons for the crisis in the profession. The underlying assumptions of externalism and resulting faulty notions about objectivity and value neutrality were shown to be major contributors to the problems of school psychology. The failure to find any relatively exceptionless laws of behavior from which psychological practice can be based was presented as another of the reasons for the crisis. Mechanistic theories of the person, which are prevalent in experimental psychology, have invaded the thinking of school psychologists and other educators with unfortunate results. Semantic, diagnostic, research, and measurement problems in school psychology have evolved from these underlying philosophical and theoretical errors. The following alternative foundational concepts were offered for the practice of school psychology: (a) reality is an undivided whole; (b) reality is constructed through the dialectical process by the community of observers; (c) shared knowledge is developed out of social consensus; (d) personal knowledge exerts a major influence on the Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout permission. person's behavior; (e) human beings possess purposes and intentions; (£) human beings have moral status; and (g) the overriding purpose of education should be to facilitate the student's search for personal meaning for her/his life. From this set of basic concepts a model for the practice of school psychology was developed. The model designated (a) the purpose of school psychology, (b) the ways in which the school psychologist enriches her/his clients, (c) a democratic approach to decision making, (d) the expansion of what counts as knowledge in the profession, and (e) the virtuous school psychologist as less of an expert and more of a moral leader. A series of case histories was presented to demonstrate the model in action. Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited w ithout permission.

Abstract: ion device Physical (FSM) abstraction network Abstraction Processor Remote B A Process Process

Abstract: During the exceptionally dry summer of 1983, extensive settlement problems developed in lightweight buildings founded in the clay deposits of the Montreal area. In this paper a modified budget meth...

Abstract: The upheaval buckling behaviour of heated and pressurised submarine pipelines is reviewed, with particular attention to the role of foundation imperfections.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of reinforcing a top layer (7) of a ground, which top layer consists of bitumen, asphalt or a hydrocarbon containing material of like nature, by fixing at least one reinforcing mat (1) to the bearing surface or founda­tion (6) of the ground to be reinforced and by then applying a top layer of sufficient thickness to the foundation, so that the reinforcing mat is completely embedded in the top layer, whereby before applying the top layer ; longitudinal elements (5) are fitted that extend longitudinally of the reinforcing mat for fixing the reinforcing mat to the foundation and whereby these longitudinal elements are fixed to the foundation by means of fixing means.

Abstract: This paper pursues two aims, a general one and a more specific one. The general aim is to introduce and illustrate the use of Boolean matrices in representing the logical properties of oneand (mainly) two-place predicates over small finite universes, and hence of providing matrix characterizations of finite models for sets of axioms containing such predicates. This method is treated only to the extent required to pursue the more specific aim, which is to consider axiomatic systems involving the part-whole relation together with a relation of foundation employed by Husserl. / Husserl structures We present an axiom system which is a first-order formalization of the theory of part-whole-foundation relations suggested by Husserl ([11], [12]: Third Investigation). Our axiom system employs two primitive predicates ' < ' and ' ϊ ' which denote the part and foundation relations. Subsequent to HusserΓs own work, the part, but not the foundation relation, was studied independently by Stanislaw Lesniewski ([16]; [17]; [18]; [19]) and his student Alfred Tarski ([28], pp. 24-29; [29], pp. 161-172), and later by Henry Leonard and Nelson Goodman ([14]; [15]; [7]; [8]). Quine has also contributed to this development [24], and the whole topic has been studied extensively by Rolf Eberle [5]. Several part-whole concepts developed within the Lesniewski-Tarski-LeonardGoodman tradition are involved in the present study. *We would like to thank Dr. Curtis Herink, Department of Mathematics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, for help in coming up with Example 2 and Axioms A12, A13, and A14. Thanks to Robert McFadden at Northern Illinois University for help in implementing Axiom A9 in Prolog. We would especially like to thank the referee of this paper for careful reading and many valuable suggestions for improving the original version, as well as the splendid phrasing of the abstract. Received July 27, 1989 88 RICHARD BLECKSMITH and GILBERT NULL We begin with the following definitions: Definition 1 (Proper Part) x < y means (x < y & x Φ y). (Nonatomic whole) x is nonatomic means ly y < x. (Overlap) Θxy means 3u(u < x & u < y). We say x overlaps y iff Oxy. Definition 2 The Part Axioms Al < is reflexive. A2 < is antisymmetric. A3 < is transitive. A4 (Overlap axiom) VyVz [Vx(x < y D Oxz) D y < z]. Our part axioms A1-A4 are equivalent to an axiomatization offered by David Bostock ([3], p. 113; viz. axiom PI and definition D2). The converse of the antisymmetry of the part relation (A2) follows from the reflexivity of the part relation (Al), and so we have as a theorem Bostock's definition D2 that two wholes are identical if and only if they are parts of each other. Together with transitivity, we obtain as a further theorem the principle of individuation of our part-whole system (cf. [5], p. 37; 2.3.1 and 2.3.2). Two wholes are identical just in case they share all parts. The system is not atomistic in that no axiom requires that every whole contain a part which itself has no proper part. However, both atomistic and finitistic limitations are intrinsic to our method of matrix representation for computer implementation. All models of the system calculable by the methods studied below will have finite, atomistic universes. Definition 3 The Foundation Axioms A5 VxVy [x < y D $yx] A6 ίF is transitive. A7 ^ is not symmetric. A8 $ is not antisymmetric. The second primitive predicate 'SF of our system is a reflexive, transitive, nonsymmetric and nonantisymmetric relation. This primitive, the raison d'etre of the present system, is a formalization of a relation intrinsic to Locke's concept that "In some of our ideas there are certain relations, habitudes, and connexions, so visibly included in the nature of the ideas themselves, that we cannot conceive them separable from them by any power whatsoever" ([20], II, pp. 221222). As examples of this necessary connection of ideas, Locke provides: It is true, solidity cannot exist without extension, neither can scarlet colour exist without extension, but this hinders not, but that they are distinct ideas. Many ideas require others, as necessary to their existence or conception, which yet are very distinct ideas. Motion can neither be, nor be conceived, without space; and yet motion is not space, nor space motion; space can exist without it, and they are very distinct ideas. . . . ([20], I, p. 226) Locke contrasts a second (contingent) type of "connexion of ideas wholly owing to chance or custom" ([20], I, p. 529). As examples, Locke mentions the connection between nausea and honey for a person who had once made himself sick HUSSERL'S PART-WHOLE THEORY 89 eating honey, and the connection between goblins, spirits, and darkness for a child who has been frightened by horror stories ([20], I, p. 531). The foundation relation taken as primitive in the present study is the first type of connection mentioned by Locke but ignored by Hume and more recent empiricist philosophers. This relation has been systematically examined in connection with the part relation only in recent studies of HusserFs thought, which involved a notion of necessary connection amongst parts and wholes ([11], [12]: Investigation III; [21], pp. 126-142): A content of the species A is founded upon a content of the species B, if an A can by its essence (i.e. legally, in virtue of its specific nature) not exist, unless a B also exists: this leaves open whether the coexistence of a C, a D etc. is needed or not. . . . ([12], p. 475) The intuitive (extrasystemic) idea of the foundation relation is just this idea that x is founded upon y just in case x cannot exist in the absence of y. The axioms for the primitive 'ίF follow directly from this extrasystemic idea. The (implied) reflexivity and transitivity of $ are clear. 3 is not symmetric (A7) because there are cases of unilateral foundation such as Locke's example above of space and motion. $ is not antisymmetric (A8) because there are cases of bilateral foundation. For example, any two of the three qualities of tone—pitch, loudness, and timbre —are mutually founding. The foundation of a whole on each of its parts (A5) is motivated by our principle of individuation in connection with the intuitive idea of foundation guiding our choice of axioms. If the identity of a whole is determined by all of its parts, then the whole must cease to exist if and only if some of its parts cease to exist. Definition 4 Let U be a set and let < and £F be binary relations on U. A Husserl H-structure is a triple (U9 < ,$?) which satisfies each member of the set Σ<$ of eight axioms A1-A8. We call models of these eight axioms Husserl structures (for short, Hstructures) because HusserPs six theorems ([12], pp. 463-465) concerning dependent and independent part relations are provable from these axioms [22]. While we also have intuitive reasons for the assumption of A12 and A13, given below in Section 9, the formulation of these axioms depends on a choice of one of the sum axioms included in this study. The need to decide amongst these several sum axioms was part of the reason for undertaking the work reported on below. A1-A8 thus comprise a common basis of several more complete systems, distinguished by different sum axioms and commensurate formulations of A12 and A13. We now present two infinite Husserl structures, one in number theory, the other from set theory. These are followed by a finite model, a central example used throughout this paper. Example 1 Let U = Z, the set of positive integers. Define x < y* to be the relation (1) x = y or (2) x and y are squarefreej integers greater than 1 and x di*The predicate '<' always denotes the part relation, never the arithmetic 'less than or equal' relation, which we shall always denote by the predicate '^\ tA positive integer >1 is squarefree iff it is a product of distinct primes. 90 RICHARD BLECKSMITH and GILBERT NULL videsy. Define $xy to meany divides a power of x. One can check that (£/,<,ίF) is an H-structure. To see that £F is not symmetric, note that (6,2) E F but (2,6) ^ 3\ To see that $ is not antisymmetric, observe that (2,4) G £F and (4,2) G 3, but 2^=4. For this model Θxy has the interpretations (1) x = y or (2) x and j are squarefree and not relatively prime to each other. Example 2 Interpretations of the primitive predicates of ^-^ in set theory: Let U be the iterated hierarchy of sets and define x < y to be x c y and $xy to be y c the transitive closure of x. Here z is the transitive closure of x means that (i) z contains all members of x and (ii) for each yEz,uGy implies uEz. Note that Θxy means that x and y are not disjoint sets. Example 3 Let U = {1,2,3,4}, < = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(2,1),(3,1), (4,1)} and 5F = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(2,1),(3,1),(4,1),(2,4),(4,2)}. Then (U, <, ff) is a 4 member H-structure. In fact, < and $ are just the predicates of Example 1 restricted to the set U= {1,2,3,4} c Z + . 2 Instantiation and dependence We now define two types of wholes of interest in <-$ contexts of the sort Goodman termed "realistic" ([7], p. 142); specifically, contexts in which concrete individuals are considered sums of qualities (cf. [1], pp. 7-10, 76-84). We share a major goal of Goodman ([7]: VII) in establishing a distinction between abstract and concrete individuals. Under the intended interpretation, a whole is abstract if it satisfies the predicate '3D' ('is dependent', intended as HusserFs "unselbstandig") defined below, and is concrete otherwise. The dependence of qualities is a strictly extrasystemic assumption in systems in which the part predicate is the only primitive, but it can be defined systemically if the foundation predicate is available. HusserFs idea was that dependent wholes (which he also called "moments") "only exist (if at all) as parts of more inclusive wholes" ([12], p. 447). The central idea is that being founded on anything other than its own parts makes a whole dependent. Definition 5 (Dependent whole) £>x means 3y(~Θyx