Abstract: Standards are available to estimate the vertical earth loads induced on pier or pile-supported rigid pipes subjected to cohesionless settling backfill. There is no apparent direct field evidence to support existing design procedures. Therefore, a literature review was made to determine whether alternative methods existed. This review indicated that many other methods do exist for cases where the fill either settles relative to a fixed foundation (or pipe) or the foundation is subjected to uplift forces. It is concluded that existing standards consistently underestimate the vertical earth loads.

Abstract: This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. NSF MCS 82-05166.

Abstract: Bionics, as defined by the originator of the term in its present form, is \"the science of systems whose foundation is based on Uving systems, or which have characteristics of living systems, or which resemble these\" [1, p. 1 1]. Others define it in somewhat different terms, as for instance, \"the study of living and life-Uke systems, with the goal to discover new principles, techniques and processes to be applied to man-made technology\" [2]; or, in other words, the art of applying the knowledge of the functions of living systems to solving technical problems [1, p. 11], that is, a biological-engineering science. By its definition, therefore, bionics is one of the interdisciplinary areas, combining the life sciences with the engineering sciences. At present these interdisciplinary areas are (a) biophysics, (b) biomechanics, (c) cybernetics and biocybernetics, (d) Biotechnik or bionics, (e) bioengineering and biomedical engineering, and (f) information theory. A sharp demarcation among these areas is difficult, if not impossible, to make because they overlap to a large extent and often require the same basic information, differing only in the use and application of this information. For instance, we define biomechanics as the study of structures, functions, and mechanisms in animals and plants and the appUcation of this knowledge to the design of mechanical equipment for human use [3]. The word \"bionics,\" as it appears today, originated with Maj. (later Col.) Jack E. Steele of the Aerospace Division of the U.S. Air Force, from the Greek word for life and suffix \"ic,\" meaning \"having the nature of\" [4, p. 13]. According to Steele, he coined the term in August 1958 to promote bionics as a new science. The research program, which was to receive the name \"bionics\" in the spring of 1959, was inaugurated at the Wright-Patterson Center of the U.S. Air Force [1, p. 13]. Bionics was under discussion, for the first time, at the Twelfth Annual Aeronautical

Abstract: This paper dwells on a few of the important geotechnical engineering aspects which should be considered in the design and construction of axially loaded drilled shaft foundations. No attempt is made to discuss drilled shaft design from a structural engineer's perspective. In real life, the actual selection and desitn of any foundation system should be a joint effort between the structural and geotechnical engineer. Such a joint effort insures the most economical fououndation system for a given structure.

Abstract: A simplified method is described for estimating lateral drift of reinforced concrete structures subjected to strong earthquake motion. The method is modeled after spectral-response analysis with simplifications based on observed characteristics of nonlinear dynamic response of reinforced concrete structures. Its application is limited to the types of structures and ground motions considered in its development. However, the method can be readily calibrated for other types of structures or modified for different foundation conditions.

Abstract: PURPOSE:To construct a pile having a multi-stage spherical footing by a method in which a rubber bag is set with a steel pipe under the ground, and concrete is placed into the bag. CONSTITUTION:A steel pipe 1 whose outside is covered with a rubber bag 2 and the tip is fitted with a shoe 3 is set under soft ground, and while concrete 8 is placed into the steel pipe 1 from a concrete placing pipe 7, the steel pipe 1 is pulled up. In this case, the rubber bag 2 is expanded sideways under the pressure of the concrete 8, and the expansion is stopped at the time when the soil pressure is balanced with the concrete pressure. By this, the places where soil pressure is small of the rubber bag 2 are projectionally expanded into wens form and thereby a pile with a multi-stage spherical footing can be constructed without wasting concrete.

Abstract: The Paper describes some problems encountered with the foundations of a building in Salisbury, England. Excavation for a basement within a coffer-dam led to a piping failure of the chalk in the base which was found to be much softer than expected. This gave rise to fears for the adequacy of the foundations. Large-scale loading tests were carried out to assess the load-settlement characteristics of the foundations. The settlement of the building was observed during and subsequent to construction.

Abstract: A prefabricated fireplace is installed on a fireplace foundation by welding together a weld plate on the lowermost surface of the prefabricated fireplace and a weld plate on the uppermost surface of the fireplace foundation.

Abstract: To lower ground water in the region of foundation bodies, such as foundation piles and the like, a water-pervious layer of filtering concrete, in particular of uniform-grained concrete, is arranged below an upper water-impervious part which is made of standard concrete. From this layer the entering ground water is sucked through a pipe which extends through the foundation body and is designed as a water-pervious filter pipe in the region of the layer of filtering concrete. The layer of filtering concrete is preferably reinforced by reinforcing irons. After lowering of the ground water level, the filtering concrete is injected with a hardenable injection material, thus enabling the lower end of the foundation body to better absorb the pressures transmitted from the upper part.

Abstract: In 1982, a mobile, bottom founded steel caisson drilling system, was conceived, constructed and installed on an underwater sand berm in 31 m of water, in the active shear zone of the Canadian Beaufort Sea. Discussed in this paper are the principal design criteria, the ice/structure/foundation interaction, the construction and installation, and the post set down stress analysis of the steel caisson.

Abstract: Permanent formwork for point and strip foundations of small structures, such as small buildings, prefabricated garages, retaining walls or the like, consists of plate-shaped parts of flat blanks of a multi-layer, flexurally rigid panel which are modified at least on the outside in such way as to be resistant to the action of weather and are joined together by means of an auxiliary agent known from cardboard processing to form the formwork, the blanks advantageously being produced in a trapezoidal shape so that, after they are joined together, permanent formwork is obtained with walls which converge towards the top and, after insertion into the foundation trench, are back-filled with the excavated earth, whereupon the concrete is then poured into the formwork. Very cost-effective and rapid construction of point and strip foundations is possible by this design.

Abstract: This report, which encourages consideration and greater utilization of shallow foundations for highway structures, examines current practices of transportation agencies that make significant use of shallow foundations. Procedures that are not commonly used by transportation agencies but are regarded within the current state-of-the-art of foundation engineering are identified and practices related to bridge foundations are emphasized. Performance criteria for bridge foundations are reviewed in the light of recent studies of performance in relation to foundation movements and compared with criteria for buildings. Case histories are presented to illustrate the potential cost differential between shallow and deep foundations.

Abstract: Published in co-operation with the Co-operative Housing Foundation of Canada (Ottawa). The views expressed in the paper are those of the author.