TL;DR: Environmentally induced phenotypic changes that may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals and therefore their ability to persist in increasingly changing landscapes are examined to help in understanding the mechanisms that contribute to their persistence in changing environments.
Abstract: : Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide and the exact mechanisms underlying these changes are not well understood. We examined environmentally induced phenotypic changes that may reflect ongoing stresses on individuals and therefore their ability to persist in increasingly changing landscapes. Specifically, we evaluated the contribution of habitat loss on the size, allometry, and levels of fluctuating asymmetry of Eleutherodactylus antillensis and E. coqui, 2 common species that are endemic to Puerto Rico. We x-rayed frogs collected at 9 sites that differed in the amount of forest cover and measured their snout-vent, radio-ulna, femur, and tibio-fibula lengths. E. antillensis and E. coqui were smaller in the highly disturbed (≤20% forest cover) than in the intermediately (20–70% forest cover) and little-disturbed (≥70% forest cover) landscapes. In E. antillensis but not in E. coqui, the slope and intercept of the curves relating snout-vent length with the length of the 3 bones differed with degree of forest cover, suggesting an effect of habitat loss on body shape. In E. antillensis and E. coqui, differences between right and left sides corresponded to true fluctuating asymmetry; however, only the radio-ulna length of E. coqui showed a trend toward an increase in fluctuating asymmetry with habitat loss. Because body size scales with a variety of physiological, life history, and ecological traits, conservation programs aimed at monitoring morphological changes in amphibians may help in understanding the mechanisms that contribute to their persistence in changing environments.
Resumen: Las poblaciones de anfibios han declinado mundialmente y los mecanismos subyacentes en estos cambios no son bien conocidos. Examinamos cambios fenotipicos inducidos ambientalmente que pueden reflejar el estres continuo sobre individuos y por lo tanto su habilidad para persistir en paisajes en cambio constante. Especificamente, evaluamos la contribucion de la perdida de habitat sobre el tamano, la alometria y los niveles de asimetria fluctuante de Eleutherodactylus antillensis y E. coqui, dos especies comunes endemicas a Puerto Rico. Tomamos radiografias a ranas recolectadas en 9 sitios que difieren en la cantidad de cobertura forestal y medimos sus longitudes hocico-cloaca, radio-ulna, femur y tibia-fibula. E. antillensis y E. coqui fueron mas pequenos en los paisajes muy perturbados (≤20% de cobertura forestal) que en los paisajes con perturbacion intermedia (20–70% de cobertura forestal) y que en los poco perturbados (≥70% de cobertura forestal). En E. antillensis pero no en E. coqui, la pendiente y la intercepcion de las curvas que relacionan la longitud hocico-cloaca con la longitud de los 3 huesos difirio con el grado de cobertura forestal, lo que sugiere un efecto de la perdida de habitat sobre la forma del cuerpo. En E. antillensis y E. coqui, las diferencias entre los flancos derecho e izquierdo correspondieron a una asimetria fluctuante real; sin embargo, solo la longitud del radio-ulna de E. coqui mostro una tendencia hacia el incremento de la asimetria fluctuante con la perdida de habitat. Debido a que el tamano corporal incrementa con una variedad de caracteristicas fisiologicas, de historia de vida y ecologicas, los programas de conservacion enfocados a monitorear los cambios morfologicos de anfibios pueden ayudar a entender los mecanismos que contribuyen a su persistencia en ambientes cambiantes.
TL;DR: In this article, the pigments were extracted in 1 per cent hydrochloric acid and examined in the test-tube and by paper chromatography, and the results summarized below are based.
Abstract: THE inflorescence of the banana bears female flowers at the base and male flowers apically. At each node is a cluster of flowers subtended by a brightly coloured bract, and it is upon the anthocyanins of these bracts that most of the results summarized below are based. The pigments were extracted in 1 per cent hydrochloric acid and examined in the test-tube and by paper chromatography. A picrate which was isolated from one species yielded glucose only on hydrolysis. Definition of the glycosidal types awaits determination of the sugar residues in other purified samples. After hydrolysis, the antho-cyanidins were determined by means of chromatography in the Forestal solvent1 and in butanol–2N hydrochloric acid2 used separately, or jointly for a two-way separation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the pigments were extracted in 1 per cent hydrochloric acid and examined in the test-tube and by paper chromatography, and the results summarized below are based.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present results about deforestation, degradación, and regeneración of the bosques remanentes in the highlands of Chiapas.
Abstract: En Los Altos de Chiapas la agricultura tradicional y la extraccion forestal con disturbio cronico de baja intensidad han causado deforestacion y degradacion de la estructura y funcion de los bosques. Ha ocurrido una “pinarizacion” del paisaje, un fenomeno de amplia ocurrencia en las montanas tropicales de Mexico, poco reconocido y comprendido: induccion de la dominancia de pinos donde antes predominaron los encinos y una alta biodiversidad. En este trabajo se presentan resultados sobre deforestacion, degradacion y regeneracion de los bosques remanentes. Se proponen alteraciones en la distribucion de grupos de especies bajo diferentes escenarios de cambio climatico, y la restauracion de los bosques con base en la riqueza de arboles nativos (120-140 especies), para recuperar su biodiversidad y alcanzar un uso sustentable. Traditional agriculture and forest use in the highlands of Chiapas have driven severe forest clearing and degradation. An induced pine-rise has swept over most of the productive landscape units, a frequent but mostly neglected pattern in the tropical mountains of Mexico: native pine species become dominant in forest stands that previously included mostly oaks and many other broadleaved trees. Results are presented on deforestation rates, floristic impoverishment, and natural tree regeneration in the remaining forests. The distribution of climatically associated species pools is related to different scenarios of regional climate change. Forest restoration practices are proposed based on using of a high number of tree species (120-140) that would allow for biodiversity recovery and sustainable use. Palabras clave: cambio climatico, disturbio cronico, encinos, extraccion forestal, grupos funcionales, pinarizacion, pinos, reforestacion, restauracion de bosques, sucesion forestal. Key words: chronic disturbance, climatic change, deforestation, forest restoration, forest succession, forest use, functional groups, oaks, pines, pine-rise.