TL;DR: Comparison to other published staging tables for salamanders of other families and anecdotal accounts of other ambystomatids is made, and comparative data suggest that limb development may differ between species of Ambystoma in terms of the relative timing of hindlimb and forelimb morphogenesis.
Abstract: A posthatching developmental staging table for the larval phase of an ambystomatid salamander is provided for the first time. Stage boundaries are based upon limb development prior to the metamorphic transition and upon gill resorption during metamorphosis. Comparison to other published staging tables for salamanders of other families and anecdotal accounts of other ambystomatids is made, and similarities and differences are noted. These comparative data suggest that limb development may differ between species of Ambystoma in terms of the relative timing of hindlimb and forelimb morphogenesis.
TL;DR: The inbreeding measures of the PONs were high and the genetic variability small compared to various dog breeds, and PON population was minimally endangered according to the European Association for Animal Production.
Abstract: Genetic variability of Polish Lowland Sheepdog (PON) population was evaluated using both pedigree and genomic data. The analyzed pedigree encompassed 8628 PONs, including 153 individuals genotyped on the Illumina CanineHD BeadChip. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) were defined for homozygous stretches extending over 60 to 4300 kb. The inbreeding coefficients FPed based on pedigree data and FROH50 based on ROHs were at 0.18 and 0.31. The correlation between both was 0.41 but 0.52 when excluding animals with less than seven complete generations. The realized effective population size (Ne¯) was 22.2 with an increasing trend over years. Five PONs explained 79% of the genetic diversity of the reference population. The effective population size derived from linkage disequilibrium measured by r² was 36. PANTHER analysis of genes in ROHs shared by ≥50% of the PONs revealed four highly over- or underrepresented biological processes. One among those is the 7.35 fold enriched "forelimb morphogenesis". Candidate loci for hip dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus were discovered in frequently shared ROHs. In conclusion, the inbreeding measures of the PONs were high and the genetic variability small compared to various dog breeds. Regarding Ne¯, PON population was minimally endangered according to the European Association for Animal Production.
TL;DR: A prominence on the preaxial border at the proximal end of the forelimb was found to appear in a limited period of limb development in mouse embryos, and may be utilized as a simple morphological indicator for staging developing mouse forelimbs.
Abstract: A prominence on the preaxial border at the proximal end of the forelimb was found to appear in a limited period of limb development in mouse embryos. This prominence is observable around day 11 (vaginal plug = day 0). When compared with the number of tail somites, this prominence first appears in embryos with 10–12 tail somites, becomes prominent in embryos with 14–18 tail somites, and disappears in embryos with 20–22 tail somites. This prominence may be utilized as a simple morphological indicator for staging developing mouse forelimb.