Abstract: We present four studies indicating that the size and design of the typeface in textual material for children aged 7‐9 may impair speed of reading and comprehension, and measurement of reading attainment. The first study compared the speed with which sample sentences were comprehended. The sentences were printed in Arial font with an x-height of 4.2 or 5.0mm. The sentences were verified 9% more quickly when presented in the larger typeface. The second study compared reading age on the Salford Sentence Reading Test when the typeface remained at the initial size (xheight 3.3mm) throughout the test, and when it decreased in size as usual. The average reading age measured with the larger font was 4 months older. The final studies compared the font Sassoon Primary with the font Verdana and showed that Verdana was read and searched more quickly. We present four studies indicating that the size and design of the typeface in textual material for children may be suboptimal, impairing speed of reading and comprehension, and measurement of reading attainment. The various typographic parameters of font size, inter-character spacing, word spacing, line spacing, justification and line length interact in affecting reading performance (e.g. Tinker, 1968). In children’s reading material there is additional complexity. The shape of characters may differ from those in adult text, particularly as regards single-storey ‘a’ and ‘g’ (infant letters). Walker and Reynolds (2003, 2004) have argued that the two-storey adult forms of a and g are familiar to children who have begun to read and may be preferred to the infant forms because they are less confusable. Most typefaces for children are sans serif. Visual psychophysical studies in adult readers have shown that serifs have little effect on legibility (Arditi & Cho, 2005), and studies in children concur (Walker & Reynolds, 2003, 2004). In children’s text the size and spacing of characters is usually large initially and decreases with reading age. The x-height (height of the central body of letters) is typically about 4mm in children’s early readers and decreases to adult size (! 2mm) over the course of 5 years. Hughes and Wilkins (2000) have argued that the typeface becomes too small too early in life. They asked children aged 5‐11 to read aloud paragraphs of randomly ordered common words for a period of 1 minute, and measured the number of

Abstract: Introduction On Design Experience Constructive Criticism What Is a Geoprofessional? Tick-Tock Goes the Clock Why Good Design Matters Audience How to Use This Book Skipping the How-Tos to Get Straight to the Good Stuff Relative Map Scales Endnotes Creative Inspiration You Can Be Creative Doing Seeing An Example of How to See Applying All of This to Your Map Summary and Final Prodding Creative Maps A Few Places to Start Seeing Art from Your Desktop Endnotes Exercise Layout Design All Together Now Layout Checklist Element Details and Examples Style Context Arrangement Emphasis Maps and Wireframes Simplicity versus Complexity Margins Balance Endnotes Suggestions for Further Reading Study Questions Exercises Fonts Choosing the Right Font Serif versus Sans Serif Modifying the Font Placing the Text Text Direction Study Questions Resources Endnotes Color Color Theory RGB Hexadecimal HSV HSL CMYK CIELAB Rules Inspiration Grayscale Modern Endnotes Resources Study Questions Exercises Features Roads Rivers and Streams Bodies of Water Cities and Towns Political Boundaries Fuzzy Features Parcels Currents Wind Temperature Land Use and Land Cover Trails Utilities Impervious Surface Basins Buildings Soils Geology Endnotes Suggestions for Further Reading Study Questions Exercises Static Maps DPI Export Formats and Workflow Slides Presentation Style: Fast or Slow, Busy or Simple? Reports Posters Dual Purposes Endnotes Suggestions for Further Reading Study Questions Exercise Projections Distortions: Where Projections Fall Flat Map Considerations: Choosing a Suitable Projection Directional Types Choosing a Projection in the Real World Endnotes Resources Study Questions Exercises Zoom-Level Design Zoom Levels and Scales Zoom Fields Incremental Styling Repetition Testing a Multizoom Design Endnotes Resources Study Questions Exercises Appendix A: Layout Sketches Appendix B: Map Examples Appendix C: Color Swatches

Abstract: Text may be contextually previewed in various fonts using preview panes with a level of transparency. Fonts or font groups may then be applied to a document using the preview panes. In one example, text to be inserted may be previewed in different fonts against the document in which the text is to be added. Once a user has selected a desirable font, the user may choose to insert the text into the document using the preview pane. Alternatively, a user may apply a font to existing text from the preview pane. Text in fonts of different types and/or sizes may be previewed in a variety of formats in a single preview area and/or with individual font preview panes.

Abstract: To resolve compatibility issues between font file formats and user agents such as web browsers, a font repository may determine a compatible font file format upon receiving a request from the user agent for a font. The determination may be made based on the type of user agent making the request. In one or more arrangements, if a font file in the compatible font file format is not available at the repository, a request may be transmitted to another repository. A font reference in a style sheet or code defining the network document may be unique to the font, but common to all font files corresponding to the font. An application for facilitating the generation of a network document may thus automatically generate such a code in response to a user selecting a desired font.

Abstract: All text must be written in some particular style of lettering, known as its typeface or font. If it is once accepted that different typefaces generate their own connotations then every written word originates two meanings. Three experiments demonstrate that people who are asked to evaluate names and products are affected by transfer of meaning from the typeface in which they are presented. The meaning of the word is pulled towards the meaning of the typeface (assimilation), rather than pushed away from it (contrast).

Abstract: Various embodiments of methods and systems for performing dynamic streaming of font subsets are described. In some embodiments, an application executing on a client device determines that glyphs of a font required to display a content portion of a file are not currently available. The application sends a request for the glyphs to a remote server. The server sends a reply to the application containing the glyphs. In some embodiments, an application populates a portion of a font data structure with glyphs sent by a remote server. A font data structure may be stored in persistent storage to be used by subsequent executions of the same or another application. Subsequent executions of applications may add additional glyphs to a font data structure. In some embodiments an application may request a definition of a font data structure from a server, and the server may provide the definition to the application.

Abstract: Documents that are created using a particular font often do not include all glyphs defined for the font. Accordingly, to reduce the amount of bandwidth needed to obtain the font used to create the document over a network, a font file may be created that includes a reduced set of glyphs. In one or more examples, the font file might only include the glyphs used in the document being viewed. Reduced glyph font files may be generated on-the-fly and/or cached for quick retrieval at a later time.

Abstract: A wordspotting system and method are disclosed for processing candidate word images extracted from handwritten documents. In response to a user inputting a selected query string, such as a word to be searched in one or more of the handwritten documents, the system automatically generates at least one computer-generated image based on the query string in a selected font or fonts. A model is trained on the computer-generated image(s) and is thereafter used in the scoring the candidate handwritten word images. The candidate or candidates with the highest scores and/or documents containing them can be presented to the user, tagged, or otherwise processed differently from other candidate word images/documents.

Abstract: A multiple font management system and method in a printing device for activating multiple fonts is provided for enabling base font localization and font patching for print jobs to reduce the need to upload entire fonts in order to provide localized receipts or to provide corrections to partially-corrupted font tables. A font access level stores locations of activated base, localization and patch fonts and are referenced in an access order during character retrieval so as to apply retrieval priority to patches and localizations. A font storage level maintains multiple tier character indices for referencing character shape data in order to provide faster character searching through each of the multiple activated fonts than a single-level index.

Abstract: No component of graphic design has attracted as much interest or inspired as much innovation in recent years as lettering and type. These fundamentals of design, once the exclusive domain of professional typographers, have become an essential starting point for anyone looking for a fresh way to communicate. Practical information about creating letters and type often amounts to a series of guidelines for executing a particular process, font program, or style. But what makes lettering and type endlessly fascinating is the flexibility to interpret and sometimes even break these rules. Lettering & Type is a smart-but- not-dense guide to creating and bending letters to one's will. More than just another pretty survey, it is a powerful how-to book full of relevant theory, history, explanatory diagrams, and exercises. While other type design books get hung up on the technical and technological issues of type design and lettering, Lettering & Type features the context and creativity that shape letters and make them interesting. Authors and designers Bruce Willen and Nolen Strals examine classic design examples as well as exciting contemporary lettering of all stripes from editorial illustrations to concert posters to radical conceptual alphabets. Lettering & Type is ideal for anyone looking to move beyond existing typography and fonts to create, explore, and use original or customized letterforms. This latest addition to our best-selling Design Briefs seriesfeatures a foreword by Ellen Lupton and hundreds of images and examples of work by historical and contemporary designers, artists, and illustrators, including Marian Bantjes, Stefan Sagmeister, Matthew Carter, Christoph Niemann, Steve Powers (ESPO), House Industries, Christian Schwartz, Margaret Kilgallen, James Victore, Abbott Miller, Sibylle Hagmann, Ed Fella, and many more. Throughout the book interviews with type designers, artists, and graphic designers provide real-world perspective from contemporary practitioners."

Abstract: A mobile communication terminal, a message service server, a message service system, and a method thereof for sending and receiving a message are disclosed. In one embodiment, the mobile communication terminal includes 1) a font encoder configured to encode a font design into font data and to encode a message text into message data so as to generate combined message data which comprises the font data and message data and 2) a font decoder configured to i) separate the font data and the message data from the combined message data, and ii) reconstruct and output a message, comprising the font design, based at least in part on the separated font data and the message data. According to one embodiment, by including the font data and message data in the transmission, the receiving mobile communication terminal can display the same font design as the original font design.

Abstract: A method and handheld electronic device for displaying text in accordance with a user-specified font attributes are provided. Where the text comprises formatted sections of varying font sizes, the font size settings are set according to a default font size specified for the device to provide a readable display of text. Text with a font size above a maximum threshold is set to a large font size appropriate for the device display. Text with a font size below a minimum threshold is set to a small font size appropriate for the device display. Text with a font size between the minimum and maximum thresholds is set to the default font size for the device. The font face of the text may be set to a user-specified font face, however, fixed-width fonts are unchanged in order to preserve spacing and formatting associated with text in fixed-width format.

Abstract: A method of associating a voice font with a contact for text-to-speech conversion at an electronic device includes obtaining, at the electronic device, the voice font for the contact, and storing the voice font in association with a contact data record stored in a contacts database at the electronic device. The contact data record includes contact data for the contact.

Abstract: This thesis presents a novel segmentation free technique for the design and implementation of an OCR (Optical Character Recognition) system for printed Nastalique text. Specific area of this thesis is document understanding and recognition which is a branch of computer vision and in turn a sub-class of Artificial Intelligence. Optical character recognition is the translation of optically scanned bitmaps of printed or hand written text into digitally editable data files. OCRs developed for many world languages are already under efficient use but none exist for Nastalique a calligraphic adaptation of the Arabic script, just as Jawi is for Malay. More often, a single script with its basic character shapes is adapted for writing in multiple languages e.g. the Roman script for English, German and French, and the Arabic script for Persian, Sindhi, Urdu, Pashtu and Malay. Urdu has 39 characters against the Arabic 28. Each character then has two to four different shapes according to their position in the word: isolated, initial, medial and final. Many character shapes have multiple instances and are context sensitive character shapes changing with changes in the antecedent or the precedent character. At times even the third or the fourth character may cause a similar change depicting an n-gram model in a Markov chain. Unlike the Roman script, word and character overlapping in Nastalique, makes optical recognition extremely complex. Compared to Roman script languages OCRs very little research work is done on Arabic Naskh OCR. Only a few Arabic Naskh OCR systems are available today and they too are far from perfect, lagging behind in accuracy as compared to Roman script OCR systems. In this perspective Nastalique is even more complicated than Naskh as it has multiple base lines,more overlapping of characters within a ligature and between adjacent ligatures, vertical stacking of characters in a ligature etc. Urdu has still not attracted researchers attention for the development of OCR partly due to lack of funds in this area but mainly due to the challenges the Nastalique style offers because of its cursiveness and context-sensitivity. For the same reason published research work in this area is nearly non-existent. The proposed system for Nastalique OCR does not require segmentation of a ligature into constituent character shapes. However, it does require segmentation at two levels i.e. first the text image is segmented into lines of text then each of the lines of text is further segmented into ligatures or isolated characters. The next step is a line by line cross-correlation for recognition of characters in the ligatures whereby, character codes are written into a text file in the sequence the characters are found in the ligature. As the recognition process is completed, the character codes in the text file are given to the rendering engine, which displays the recognized text in a text region. The limitation of the proposed Nastalique character recognition system is that it is font dependent: it needs the same font file for recognition which was used to write the text in.The new undertaking has greater challenges as it will aim to overcome the inherent cursiveness and context sensitivity of Nastalique style of writing. For Nastalique OCR, we develop character-based True Type Font files for a few Nastalique words.These words are written using the same character-based TTF font and an image is made of the Nastalique text. The image is then given to our Nastalique OCR. After recognition the rendering is done by using the same TTF font file to display the recognized text. The work is therefore three folds;development of character-based Nastalique True Type Font, Nastalique character recognition and rendering the recognized text using character-based Nastalique True Type Font. Since our character-based segmentation-free Nastalique OCR algorithm needs, as a ground work, a character-based Nastalique Text Processor, we have also proposed a Finite State Nastalique Text Processor Model. Implementation is not yet done so results are not reported. However this model could serve as an impetus for future research in this challenging field. Optical Character Recognition for Roman script languages is almost a solved problem for document images and researchers are now focusing on extraction and recognition of text from video scenes.This new and emerging field in character recognition is called Video OCR and has numerous applications like video annotation, indexing, retrieval, search, digital libraries, and lecture video indexing. The emerging field for character recognition is attracting research on other scripts like Chinese, but to the best of our knowledge, no work is reported as yet, on Video OCR for Arabic script languages like Arabic, Persian and Urdu. As an extension of our Nastalique OCR to Video OCR for Arabic script languages, we have also performed experiments on video text identification, localization and extraction for its recognition. We have used MACH (Maximum Average Correlation Height) filter to identify text regions in video frames, these text regions are then localized and extracted for recognition. All research and development work is done using Matlab 7.0. Experiments and results are reported in the thesis.

Abstract: A printing system is described in which a font manger monitors print jobs for execution by a printer having a memory operable to store font data. The font manger is arranged to identify fonts in a print job to be executed by the printer for which font data is not already stored in the memory of the printer; and cause font data corresponding to the identified fonts to be downloaded and stored in the printer memory for use in executing subsequent print jobs. In this way by having a computer generate print jobs which only include font data which is not already present in the memory of a printer the size of print jobs can be reduced thereby increasing the speed with which such print jobs can be generated and transmitted to a printer. The font manger may be provided either on the printer or within the computer or as part of a printer server connected to the printer and the computer via a communications network.

Abstract: A software implemented system is disclosed for displaying scrolling text together with associated graphical images on the display of an electronic device, such as a portable electronic device. The text is displayed preferably in a horizontally scrolling fashion, either above or below the images, and the images are preferably displayed in color. In preferred embodiments, a user can control the scrolling speed, font size, font color, and/or font style, as well as starting, pausing, stopping, backing up, searching for desired text, highlighting text, and setting bookmarks. Some embodiments enable communication with other devices for downloading and/or uploading of reading materials. Preferred embodiments can present music or an audible presentation of the text. These features can enhance the use of the invention as a teaching aid for helping both children and adults to learn to read more quickly, and to aid users in learning a foreign language.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, user interface and computer program product include the ability to determine a brightness characteristic of a display, use the brightness characteristic to determine a minimum and optimum font size for information displayed on the display, and automatically adjust the displayed information such that a size of a smallest font of the information is not smaller than the minimum font size and that a size of a main font of the information is not smaller that the optimum font size.

Abstract: In this chapter, we describe an adaptive Indic OCR system implemented as part of a rapidly retargetable language tool effort and extend work found in [20, 2]. The system includes script identification, character segmentation, training sample creation, and character recognition. For script identification, Hindi words are identified in bilingual or multilingual document images using features of the Devanagari script and support vector machine (SVM). Identified words are then segmented into individual characters, using a font-model-based intelligent character segmentation and recognition system. Using characteristics of structurally similar TrueType fonts, our system automatically builds a model to be used for the segmentation and recognition of the new script, independent of glyph composition. The key is a reliance on known font attributes. In our recognition system three feature extraction methods are used to demonstrate the importance of appropriate features for classification. The methods are tested on both Latin and non-Latin scripts. Results show that the character-level recognition accuracy exceeds 92% for non-Latin and 96% for Latin text on degraded documents. This work is a step toward the recognition of scripts of low-density languages which typically do not warrant the development of commercial OCR, yet often have complete TrueType font descriptions.

Abstract: Fonts may be activated based on the applications that are launched or operating on a computing device. Accordingly, if an application needs a particular set of fonts, the fonts may be activated upon launching of that application. Fonts may further be deactivated when they are no longer necessary or needed by the application (e.g., when the application is terminated). If supported by an operating system, instead of activating and deactivating the fonts, fonts may be pre-activated and then hidden from the operating system. The pre-activated fonts may be revealed when needed for the applications and then hidden again when the applications terminate.

Abstract: Provided is a method for font data streaming for time-based video/audio presentations where content is transmitted in small increments and transmission continues while a previously transmitted portion is viewed or played. Different subsets of characters of the same font are assembled together on a device and previously sent characters are reused for rendering subsequent text strings. Font subsets are created to provide only a minimal number of glyphs for the character set coverage, thereby reducing the redundancy of font data transmission and reducing the total number of characters transmitted.

Abstract: The invention relates to an operation method for a user to freely set text color of an electronic reader, which ensures that the user can set the color of text display according to personal preference after the electronic reader is entered, and displays text font according to the color set by the user. The method ensures that the user can edit the color of the read text font according to the personal preference when reading an electronic text, and makes the color more satisfy a habit of the reading of the user, thereby avoiding the singleness of text colors of the electronic readers on the current market and the inapplicability of the reading under different light source environments at different occasions, reducing the fatigue feeling of the users due to long reading time, increasing the practicability of the electronic readers, and improving the comfort degree of the operation of the users.

Abstract: E-learning education plays an important role in the educational process in the Arab region. There is more demand to provide Arab students with electronic resources for knowledge now than before. The readability of such electronic resources needs to be taken into consideration. Following design guidelines in the e-learning programs' design process improves both the reading performance and satisfaction. However, English script design guidelines cannot be directly applied to Arabic script mainly because of difference in the letters occupation and writing direction. Thus, this paper aimed to build a set of design guidelines for Arabic e-learning programs designed for seven-to-nine years old children. An electronic story is designed to achieve this goal. It is used to gather children's reading preferences, for example, font type/size combination, screen line length, and tutoring sound characters. Results indicated that Arab students preferred the use of Simplified Arabic with 14-point font size to ease and speed the reading process. Further, 2/3 screen line length helped children in reading faster. Finally, most of children preferred to listen to a female adult tutoring sound.

Abstract: After the most-frequently-used font size (Sdominant) is determined on a Web page acquired from a server unit 10, all of the text items are changed to the optimum font size (Sopt). At the same time, the text items whose original font size is smaller than the most-frequently-used font size (Sdominant) are changed to an inconspicuous italic font pattern and the text items whose original font size is larger than Sdominant are changed to a conspicuous bold font pattern.

Abstract: Techniques to create and share custom voice fonts are described. An apparatus may include a preprocessing component to receive voice audio data and a corresponding text script from a client and to process the voice audio data to produce prosody labels and a rich script. The apparatus may further include a verification component to automatically verify the voice audio data and the text script. The apparatus may further include a training component to train a custom voice font from the verified voice audio data and rich script and to generate custom voice font data usable by the TTS component. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and device for dynamically generating a textured font character. It enables any image to be selected and combined with a chosen character mask to produce a new font having the same content as the image.

Abstract: We describe a novel learning-based font model for knowledge representation and parametric font design. A working font design system has been built which can capture the graphical constraints and design knowledge from limited glyph samples. The system can then generate variations of glyph with the knowledge and inferred constraints. It facilitates the re-use of glyph primitives in an object-oriented fashion, thus allowing collaboration in font design work. The proposed model can represent and process visual knowledge of font design, and is a new tool and representation method for font design, storage and creation.

Abstract: The present invention is a system and method for generating a personal voice font including, monitoring voice segments automatically from phone conversations of a user by a voice learning processor to generate a personalized voice font and delivering the personalized voice font (PVF) to the a server.

Abstract: Though there have been many studies of user interface design preferences, only a few have considered the children preferences This paper presents an investigation into the children preferences regarding user interface design The objective of studying this area is to investigate the differences of children preferences on the elements of a user interface design An experiment was conducted regarding five elements of user interface design: font type, font size, background color and interface type Findings show that there is a significant differences in the children preferences for interface type, font type and background color Further analysis was conducted and the results indicate that there is a significant difference between gender groups for background color, interface type and font color This study provides empirical evidence on the importance of considering the children in the interface design

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for providing downgraded fonts for VDP printing application are described. A server system may be configured to generate and/or select a set of downgraded rasterized fonts for delivery to a client system in order to provide limited client-side WYSIWIG display functionality using the downgraded fonts. A client side application may use the downgraded fonts to provide a display-only or draft print only rendering of a VDP print job.