Topic
Flat rate
About: Flat rate is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 404 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6347 citations. The topic is also known as: flat fee & linear rate.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
TL;DR: In this paper, a coupon incentive-based demand response (CIDR) scheme is proposed to induce demand response for a future period of time in anticipation of intermittent generation ramping and/or price spikes.
Abstract: This paper presents the formulation and critical assessment of a novel type of demand response (DR) program targeting retail customers (such as small/medium size commercial, industrial, and residential customers) who are equipped with smart meters yet still face a flat rate. Enabled by pervasive mobile communication capabilities and smart grid technologies, load serving entities (LSEs) could offer retail customers coupon incentives via near-real-time information networks to induce demand response for a future period of time in anticipation of intermittent generation ramping and/or price spikes. This scheme is referred to as coupon incentive-based demand response (CIDR). In contrast to the real-time pricing or peak load pricing DR programs, CIDR continues to offer a flat rate to retail customers and also provides them with voluntary incentives to induce demand response. Theoretical analysis shows the benefits of the proposed scheme in terms of social welfare, consumer surplus, LSE profit, the robustness of the retail electricity rate, and readiness for implementation. The pros and cons are discussed in comparison with existing DR programs. Numerical illustration is performed based on realistic supply and demand data obtained from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT).
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conduct four empirical analyses based on three different data sets and show that the flat-rate bias is more important and has a greater regularity and time persistence than the pay-per-use bias.
Abstract: A common assumption underlying the analysis of consumers' choices among optional tariffs is that consumers choose the tariff that maximizes their surplus and, thus, the tariff that leads to the lowest billing rate for a given amount of usage.Yet there is evidence that many users prefer a flat rate even though their billing rate would be lower with a pay-per-use tariff (flat-rate bias), and some users prefer a pay-per-use tariff even though they would save money with a flat rate (pay-per-use bias). The authors conduct four empirical analyses based on three different data sets. They show that the flat-rate bias is more important and has a greater regularity and time persistence than the pay-per-use bias. They classify potential causes of the flat-rate bias as “insurance effect,” “taxi meter effect,” “convenience effect,” and “overestimation effect” and show that the insurance, the taxi meter, and the overestimation effects lead to a flat-rate bias. They provide evidence that underestimation of usag...
351 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that the Internet will evolve in a similar way, towards simplicity, and that there is a strong ''threshold' effect to usage-sensitive billing, which suggests that even tiny charges based on utilization decrease usage substantially.
238 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze the efficiency, distributional, and environmental effects of real-time pricing (RTP) adoption in the short run and show that RTP adoption improves efficiency and compresses the distributions of loads and prices.
Abstract: We analyze the efficiency, distributional, and environmental effects of real-time pricing (RTP) adoption in the short run. Consistent with theory, our simulations of the PJM electricity market show that RTP adoption improves efficiency and compresses the distributions of loads and prices. Adoption increases average load but decreases operating profits with the largest decrease for oil-fired generation (59% when all customers adopt). Consumer surplus and welfare gains are modest (2.5% and 0.24% of the energy bill), and emissions of SO 2 and NO, increase but CO 2 emissions decrease. Approximately 30% of these efficiency gains could be captured by varying flat rates monthly instead of annually. Monthly flat rate adjustment has many of the same effects as RTP adoption, captures more of the deadweight loss than time of use (TOU) rates, and requires no new metering technology.
191 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of Russia's 2001 flat-rate income tax reform on consumption, income, and tax evasion, using the gap between household expenditures and reported earnings as a proxy for tax evasion.
Abstract: We examine the effects of Russia’s 2001 flat rate income tax reform on consumption, income, and tax evasion. We use the gap between household expenditures and reported earnings as a proxy for tax e...
188 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2022 | 1 |
| 2021 | 10 |
| 2020 | 10 |
| 2019 | 16 |
| 2018 | 11 |
| 2017 | 14 |