Fenchol

Abstract: In this paper, we present principal component analysis (PCA) results from a dataset containing 494 cannabis flower samples and 170 concentrate samples analyzed for 31 compounds. A continuum of chemical composition amongst cannabis strains was found instead of distinct chemotypes. Our data shows that some strains are much more reproducible in chemical composition than others. Strains labeled as indica were compared with those labeled as sativa and no evidence was found that these two cultivars are distinctly different chemotypes. PCA of “OG” and “Kush” type strains found that “OG” strains have relatively higher levels of α-terpineol, fenchol, limonene, camphene, terpinolene and linalool where “Kush” samples are characterized mainly by the compounds trans-ocimene, guaiol, β-eudesmol, myrcene and α-pinene. The composition of concentrates and flowers were compared as well. Although the absolute concentration of compounds in concentrates is much higher, the relative composition of compounds between flowers and concentrates is similar.

Abstract: The essential oil obtained from the fresh leaves of Zanthoxylum alatum was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fourteen components were identified, and linalool (30.58%), 2-decanone (20.85%), β -fenchol (9.43%), 2-tridecanone (8.86%), β -phellandrene (5.99%), Sabinene (4.82%), and α -pinene (4.11%) were the main components. The EO and methanolic extract of Z. alatum exhibited potent antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata, Alternaria brassicae, and Curvularia lunata. The EO also showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Further, antimicrobial constituents of the EO were isolated by bioautography and preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) and identified as β -fenchol and linalool using GC/MS analysis. In addition to this, the free radical scavenging activity and antioxidant potential of EO and methanolic extract/fractions of Z. alatum were also investigated using in vitro assays including scavenging ability against DPPH(•), reducing power and chelating ability on Fe(2+) ions. Our results demonstrate that Z. alatum could be used as a resource of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds which may find applications in food and pesticide industries.

Abstract: Twenty eight monoterpenes including monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes (borneol, borynl acetate, camphene, camphor, 3-carene, carvone, 1,8-cineole, citronellal, β-citronellene, β-citronellol, dihydrocarvone, fenchol, fenchone, geranyl acetate, isomenthol, limonene, limonene oxide, linalool, linalyl acetate, menthol, menthone, myrcene, nerol, neryl acetate, α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol), the active compounds of essential oils obtained from different plant species were tested against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky under laboratory conditions. The monoterpenes were applied at contents of 10, 20 and 30 μl for liquid compounds and 10, 20 and 30 μg for solid compounds. The results show that most of the monoterpenes have significantly insecticidal effect on the tested insects. Insecticidal effects of monoterpene hydrocarbons were found to be lower than those of oxygenated monoterpenes. The ketone and aldehyde and epoxide derivatives of oxygenated monoterpenes were also found to be more toxic as compared with their other derivatives. Mortality percentage of S. zeamais adults, after 96th h of exposure at the maximum dose (30 μl/μg) of oxygenated monoterpenes including borneol, fenchol, linalool, menthol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol (alcohols group); 1,8-cineole, limonene oxide (epoxides group); camphor, carvone, citronellal, dihydrocarvone, fenchone, menthone (ketones and aldehydes group) and neryl acetate (esters group) attained 100%. Concurrently, 3-carene from monoterpene hydrocarbons showed 100% mortality after 96th h of exposure at the maximum dose (30 μl). Carvone, dihydrocarvone, fenchone, limonene oxide, menthone and terpinen-4-ol from these compounds showed 100% insecticidal effect after 48th h of exposure. Among the monoterpenes tested, carvone, dihydrocarvone, menthone and terpinen-4-ol showed the strongest insecticidal activities with 100% of mortality at all doses (96 h after treatment) and then 1,8-cineole, fenchone, linalool and limonene oxide showed stronger insecticidal activities in comparison with other monoterpenes with lethal doses (LD50) values of 1.989, 2.445, 2.445 and 3.235 μl (96 h after treatment) against the test insects, respectively. Mortality rate of S. zeamais adults increased significantly (p < 0.01), as the dosage level and/or exposure time increased. Based on the present results, it can be concluded that the oxygenated monoterpenes may have a potential action for control of S. zeamais adults.

Abstract: This work is focused on the bioconversion of (−)β-pinene and R-(+)-limonene to α-terpineol. To carry out the present study, 400 microorganisms were tested for their ability to bioconvert the substrates. From the microorganisms, no one was able to convert R-(+)-limonene and 4 were able to bioconvert (−)-β-pinene to oxygenated monoterpenes. The metabolites recovered were α-terpineol (2856.54 ± 50.23 mg/L) and fenchol (traces) for Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, α-terpineol (688.13 ± 41.27 mg/L) for A. niger ATCC 9642, α-terpineol (172.07 ± 32.94 mg/L) for A. niger ATCC 1004 and α-terpineol (24.38 ± 2.78 mg/L) and trans -pinocarveol (traces) for Penicillium camembertii ATCC 4845. After screening and optimization experiments, the best experimental condition for bioconversion of (−)β-pinene to α-terpineol was established using A. niger ATCC 16404 at 35 °C without addition of vitamin solution, yielding a conversion in α-terpineol of 15494.34 ± 193.87 mg/L.