Topic
Fellfield
About: Fellfield is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 120 publications have been published within this topic receiving 8888 citations.
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Book•
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1 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a taxonomic index (genera) of alpine plants is presented, with a brief review of water relations and water relations of alpin plants in the alpine life zone.
Abstract: 1 Plant ecology at high elevations.- The concept of limitation.- A regional and historical account.- The challenge of alpine plant research.- 2 The alpine life zone.- Altitudinal boundaries.- Global alpine land area.- Alpine plant diversity.- Origin of alpine floras.- Alpine growth forms.- 3 Alpine climate.- Which alpine climate.- Common features of alpine climates.- Regional features of alpine climates.- 4 The climate plants experience.- Interactions of relief, wind and sun.- How alpine plants influence their climate.- The geographic variation of alpine climate.- 5 Life under snow: protection and limitation.- Temperatures under snow.- Solar radiation under snow.- Gas concentrations under snow.- Plant responses to snowpack.- 6 Alpine soils.- Physics of alpine soil formation.- The organic compound.- The interaction of organic and inorganic compounds.- 7 Alpine treelines.- About trees and lines.- Current altitudinal positions of climatic treelines.- Treeline-climate relationships.- Intrazonal variations and pantropical plateauing of alpine treelines.- Treelines in the past.- Attempts at a functional explanation of treelines.- A hypothesis for treeline formation.- Growth trends near treelines.- Evidence for sink limitation.- 8 Climatic stress.- Survival of low temperature extremes.- Avoidance and tolerance of low temperature extremes.- Heat stress in alpine plants.- Ultraviolet radiation - a stress factor.- 9 Water relations.- Ecosystem water balance.- Soil moisture at high altitudes.- Plant water relations - a brief review of principles.- Water relations of alpine plants.- Desiccation stress.- Water relations of special plant types.- 10 Mineral nutrition.- Soil nutrients.- The nutrient status of alpine plants.- Nutrient cycling and nutrient budgets.- Nitrogen fixation.- Mycorrhiza.- Responses of vegetation to variable nutrient supply.- 11 Uptake and loss of carbon.- Photosynthetic capacity of alpine plants.- Photosynthetic responses to the environment.- Daily carbon gain of leaves.- The seasonal carbon gain of leaves.- C4 and CAM photosynthesis at high altitudes.- Tissue respiration of alpine plants.- Ecosystem carbon balance.- 12 Carbon investments.- Non-structural carbohydrates.- Lipids and energy content.- Carbon costs of leaves and roots.- Whole plant carbon allocation.- 13 Growth dynamics and phenology.- Seasonal growth.- Diurnal leaf extension.- Rates of plant dry matter accumulation.- Functional duration of leaves and roots.- 14 Cell division and tissue formation.- Cell size and plant size.- Mitosis and the cell cycle.- From meristem activity to growth control.- 15 Plant biomass production.- The structure of alpine plant canopies.- Primary productivity of alpine vegetation.- Plant dry matter pools.- Biomass losses through herbivores.- 16 Plant reproduction.- Flowering and pollination.- Seed development and seed size.- Germination.- Alpine seed banks and natural recruitment.- Clonal propagation.- Alpine plant age.- Community processes.- 17 Global change at high elevation.- Alpine land use.- The impact of altered atmospheric chemistry.- Climatic change and alpine ecosystems.- References (with chapter annotation).- Taxonomic index (genera).- Geographical index.- Color plates.- Plant life forms.- The alpine life zone.- Environmental stress.- The human dimension.
3,037 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that ericoid and ectomycorrhizal dwarf shrubs and shrubs utilize a distinct N source, most likely a fraction of the organic N in fresh litter, and not complexed N in recalcitrant organic matter.
Abstract: The natural abundance of the nitrogen isotope 15, δ15N, was analysed in leaves of 23 subarctic vascular plant species and two lichens from a tree-line heath at 450 m altitude and a fellfield at 1150 m altitude close to Abisko in N. Sweden, as well as in soil, rain and snow. The aim was to reveal if plant species with different types of mycorrhizal fungi also differ in their use of the various soil N sources. The dwarf shrubs and the shrubs, which in combination formed more than 65% of the total above-ground biomass at both sites, were colonized by ericoid or ectomycorrhizal fungi. Their leaf δ15N was between−8.8 and−5.5‰ at the heath and between−6.1 and −3.3‰ at the fellfield. The leaf δ15N of non- or arbuscular mycorrhizal species was markedly different, ranging from −4.1 to −0.4‰ at the heath, and from −3.4 to+2.2‰ at the fellfield. We conclude that ericoid and ectomycorrhizal dwarf shrubs and shrubs utilize a distinct N source, most likely a fraction of the organic N in fresh litter, and not complexed N in recalcitrant organic matter. The latter is the largest component of soil total N, which had a δ15N of −0.7‰ at the heath and +0.5‰ at the fellfield. Our field-based data thus support earlier controlled-environment studies and studies on the N uptake of excised roots, which have demonstrated protease activity and amino acid uptake by ericoid and ectomycorrhizal tundra species. The leaves of ectomycorrhizal plants had slightly higher δ15N (fellfield) and N concentration than leaves of the ericoids, and Betula nana, Dryas octopetala and Salix spp. also showed NO
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reductase activity. These species may depend more on soil inorganic N than the ericoids. The δ15N of non- or arbuscular mycorrhizal species indicates that the δ15N of inorganic N available to these plants was higher than that of average fresh litter, probably due to high microbial immobilization of inorganic N. The δ15N of NH
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-N was +12.3‰ in winter snow and +1.9‰ in summer rain. Precipitation N might be a major contributer in species with poorly developed root systems, e.g. Lycopodium selago. Our results show that coexisting plant species under severe nutrient limitation may tap several different N sources: NH
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, NO
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and organic N from the soil, atmospheric N2, and N in precipitation. Ericoid and ectomycorrhizal fungi are of major importance for plant N uptake in tundra ecosystems, and mycorrhizal fungi probably exert a major control on plant δ15N in organic soils.
342 citations
Book•
1 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Introduction: Understanding the Fundamentals of Succession Cryptoendolithic Communities from Hot and Cold Deserts Speculation On Microbial Colonization And Succession Microbial Processes And Initial Stabilization Of Fellfield Soil
Abstract: Introduction: Understanding The Fundamentals Of Succession Cryptoendolithic Communities From Hot And Cold Deserts: Speculation On Microbial Colonization And Succession Microbial Processes And Initial Stabilization Of Fellfield Soil The Effects Of Cryptogams On Mineral Substrates The Role Of Bryophyte Propagule Banks In Primary Successions: Case Study Of An Arctic Fellfield Soil Mechanisms Of Primary Succession On Volcanoes: A View From Mount St Helens Primary Succession On The Cone Of Vesuvius The Colonization Of Strandlines Plant Distribution Patterns And Primary Succession On A Glacier Foreland: A Comparative Study Of Cryptogams And Higher Plants Dispersal And Establishment Of Tropical Forest Assemblages, Krakatau, Indonesia Physiological Controls Over Plant Establishment In Primary Succession The Vascular Plant Pioneers Of Primary Successions: Persistence And Phenotypic Plasticity The Demography Of Clonal Plants In Relation To Successional Habit Change: The Case Of Spartina Anglica The Role Of Nitrogen Fixation In Primary Succession On Land Primary Succession On Man-Made Wastes: The Importance Of Resource Acquisition Nitrogen Fixers And Species Replacements In Primary Succession Soil Organisms In Coastal Foredunes Involved In Degeneration Of Ammophila Arenaria Primary Succession On Land: Community Development And Wildlife Conservation Primary Succession Revisited
330 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that the δ15N pattern: non-mycorrhizal plants > ECM plants ≥ ERI plants is a general phenomenon in ecosystems with nutrient-deficient organogenic soils, and hypothesize that during microbial immobilization of soil ammonium the microbial N pool could become 15N-depleted and the remaining, plant-available soil ammonio-enriched.
Abstract: In this study we show that the natural abundance of the nitrogen isotope 15, δ15N, of plants in heath tundra and at the tundra-forest ecocline is closely correlated with the presence and type of mycorrhizal association in the plant roots. A total of 56 vascular plant species, 7 moss species, 2 lichens and 6 species of fungi from four heath and forest tundra sites in Greenland, Siberia and Sweden were analysed for δ15N and N concentration. Roots of vascular plants were examined for mycorrhizal colonization, and the soil organic matter was analysed for δ15N, N concentration and soil inorganic, dissolved organic and microbial N. No arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonizations were found although potential host plants were present in all sites. The dominant species were either ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or ericoid mycorrhizal (ERI). The δ15N of ECM or ERI plants was 3.5-7.7‰ lower than that of non-mycorrhizal (NON) species in three of the four sites. This corresponds to the results in our earlier study of mycorrhiza and plant δ15N which was limited to one heath and one fellfield in N Sweden. Hence, our data suggest that the δ15N pattern: NON/AM plants > ECM plants ≥ ERI plants is a general phenomenon in ecosystems with nutrient-deficient organogenic soils. In the fourth site, a␣birch forest with a lush herb/shrub understorey, the differences between functional groups were considerably smaller, and only the ERI species differed (by 1.1‰) from the NON species. Plants of all functional groups from this site had nearly twice the leaf N concentration as that found in the same species at the other three sites. It is likely that low inorganic N availability is a prerequisite for strong δ15N separation among functional groups. Both ECM roots and fruitbodies were 15N enriched compared to leaves which suggests that the difference in δ15N between plants with different kinds of mycorrhiza could be due to isotopic fractionation at the␣fungal-plant interface. However, differences in δ15N between soil N forms absorbed by the plants could also contribute to the wide differences in plant δ15N found in most heath and forest tundra ecosystems. We hypothesize that during microbial immobilization of soil ammonium the microbial N pool could become 15N-depleted and the remaining, plant-available soil ammonium 15N-enriched. The latter could be a main source of N for NON/AM plants which usually have high δ15N. In contrast, amino acids and other soil organic N compounds presumably are 15N-depleted, similar to plant litter, and ECM and ERI plants with high uptake of these N forms hence have low leaf δ15N. Further indications come from the δ15N of mosses and lichens which was similar to that of ECM plants. Tundra cryptogams (and ECM and ERI plants) have previously been shown to have higher uptake of amino acid than ammonium N; their low δ15N might therefore reflect the δ15N of free amino acids in the soil. The concentration of dissolved organic N was 3-16 times higher than that of inorganic N in the sites. Organic nitrogen could be an important N source for ECM and, in particular, ERI plants in heath and forest tundra ecosystems with low release rate of inorganic N from the soil organic matter.
326 citations
TL;DR: Three populations of Cassiope tetragona (Ericaceae) were subjected to in situ environmental perturbations simulating predictions of global warming, including nutrient addition, shading and two levels of temperature enhancement using passive greenhouses.
Abstract: Three populations of Cassiope tetragona (Ericaceae) were subjected to in situ environmental perturbations simulating predictions of global warming. The populations were selected to represent different parts of the range of the species, one growing in a high arctic coastal heath at Ny-Alesund (Svalbard, northern part of the species' range), one at a subarctic fellfield at 1150 m a.s.l. at Abisko, Swedish Lapland, and one in a subarctic tree-line heath at 450 m a.s.l. at Abisko, southern part of the species' range. The manipulations included nutrient addition, shading and two levels of temperature enhancement using passive greenhouses
289 citations
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