Excommunication

Abstract: Preface List of Abbreviations Chronology PART 1: HOBBES AND HIS CONTEXT Introductory 1588-1640 1640-51 1651-79 PART 2: THE LAW OF NATURE AND THE NATURAL CONDITION OF MANKIND Self-preservation The State and Right of Nature The Laws of Nature and Justice Covenants PART 3: THE ORIGINS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE NATURE OF POLITICAL OBLIGATION The Institution of a Commonwealth Conquest The Family and the State Political Obligation PART 4: HOBBES ON SOVEREIGNTY AND LAW Sovereignty The Liberty and Property of the Subject Law and the Sovereign The Duties of the Sovereign PART 5: HOBBES ON CHURCH AND STATE What is Scripture? Ecclesiastical Power: the Case Against Bellarmine Ecclesiastical Power: De Cive, Leviathan and Anglican Thinking Excommunication and Erastianism PART 6: GOD, RELIGION AND TOLERATION God Faith, Salvation, Revelation, Prophecy and Miracles Toleration and Conscience Church History and Reformation Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Abstract: The reign of Pope Gregory VII (1073-85), who gave his name to an era of Church reform, is critically important in the history of the medieval church and papacy. Thus it is surprising that this is the first comprehensive biography to appear in any language for over fifty years. H. E. J. Cowdrey presents Gregory's life and work in their entirety, tracing his career from early days as a clerk of the Roman Church, through his political negotiations, ecclesiastical governance, and final exile at Salerno. Full account is taken of his turbulent relations with King Henry IV of Germany, from his first deposition and excommunication in 1076, to the absolution at Canossa and the imposition of a second sentence in 1080. Pope Gregory was also a contemporary of William the Conqueror, and, as the author shows, fully supported his conquest of England. Gregory VII is presented as an individual whose deep inner belief in iustitia (righteousness) did not waver in the face of new circumstances, although his broad outlook underwent changes. Deeply committed to the traditions of the past and especially to those of Pope Gregory the Great, his reign prepared the way for an age of strong papal monarchy in the western Church.

Abstract: Contents: Series editor's preface Introduction The debate before and after the excommunication The political significance of the first mission of the Society of Jesus to England Old ideas and new interpretations at the end of Elizabeth's reign 'Smile (Muses) smile! A noble one succeeds/ Eliza lawfull heire in vertuous deedes': the ascent of James Stuart The Oath of Allegiance Bellarmine's solution A change in the political debate A change in the theological debate Conclusions Selected bibliography Index.