Evolved gas analysis

Abstract: This work studies the activity of activated CaO as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. Three basic aspects were investigated: the role of H 2 O and CO 2 in the deterioration of the catalytic performance by contact with room air, the stability of the catalyst by reutilization in successive runs and the heterogeneous character of the catalytic reaction. The characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), evolved gas analysis by mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) during heating the sample under programmed temperature, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies allowed to concluding that CaO is rapidly hydrated and carbonated by contact with room air. Few minutes are enough to chemisorb significant amount of H 2 O and CO 2 . It is demonstrated that the CO 2 is the main deactivating agent whereas the negative effect water is less important. As a matter of fact the surface of the activated catalyst is better described as an inner core of CaO particles covered by very few layers of Ca(OH) 2 . The activation by outgassing at temperatures ≥973 K are required to revert the CO 2 poisoning. The catalyst can be reused for several runs without significant deactivation. The catalytic reaction is the result of the heterogeneous and homogeneous contributions. Part of the reaction takes place on basic sites at the surface of the catalyst, the rest is due to the dissolution of the activated CaO in methanol that creates homogeneous leached active species.