Eoabelisaurus

Abstract: Here we describe the forearm and manus of the ceratosaurian theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh, 1884, from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western U.S.A. Recently removed from exhibition and reprepared, the holotype offers important new information on the morphology of this taxon that bears on the evolution of the forelimb in nonavian theropod dinosaurs more generally. The ulna and radius show particular similarities to those of Dilophosaurus and Eoabelisaurus but lack features that characterize derived abelisaurids. In the manus, Ceratosaurus bears short first phalanges, like more derived taxa in the clade, but retains metacarpals that are much more similar to those of Dilophosaurus, Berberosaurus, and Eoabelisaurus. Taken together, and incorporated with existing phylogenetic data on other ceratosaurs, these data are consistent with the placement of Ceratosaurus as close to Abelisauroidea but basal to Eoabelisaurus. More importantly, they strongly imply that the extremel...

Abstract: Abelisaurids are a clade of large, bizarre predatory dinosaurs, most notable for their high, short skulls and extremely reduced forelimbs. They were common in Gondwana during the Cretaceous, but exceedingly rare in the Northern Hemisphere. The oldest definitive abelisaurids so far come from the late Early Cretaceous of South America and Africa, and the early evolutionary history of the clade is still poorly known. Here, we report a new abelisaurid from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia, Eoabelisaurus mefi gen. et sp. nov., which predates the so far oldest known secure member of this lineage by more than 40 Myr. The almost complete skeleton reveals the earliest evolutionary stages of the distinctive features of abelisaurids, such as the modification of the forelimb, which started with a reduction of the distal elements. The find underlines the explosive radiation of theropod dinosaurs in the Middle Jurassic and indicates an unexpected diversity of ceratosaurs at that time. The apparent endemism of abelisauroids to southern Gondwana during Pangean times might be due to the presence of a large, central Gondwanan desert. This indicates that, apart from continent-scale geography, aspects such as regional geography and climate are important to reconstruct the biogeographical history of Mesozoic vertebrates.