Environmental indicator

Abstract: The authors explore the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality by analyzing patterns of environmental transformation for countries at different income levels. They look at how eight indicators of environmental quality evolve in response to economic growth and policies across a large number of countries and across time. Several conclusions are drawn; (1) income has the most consistently significant effect on all indicators of environmental quality; (2) many indicators tend to improve as countries approach middle-income levels; (3) technology seems to work in favor of improved environmental quality; (4) the econometric evidence suggests that trade, debt, and other macroeconomic policy variables seem to have little effect on the environment, although some policies can be linked to specific environmental problems; (5) the evidence shows that it is possible to"grow out of"some environmental problems, but there is nothing automatic about doing so - policies and investments to reduce degradation are necessary; and (6) action tends to be taken where there are generalized local costs and substantial private and social benefits.

Abstract: The Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) is a single number that expresses water quality by integrating measurements of eight water quality variables (temperature, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, ammonia+nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total solids, and fecal coliform). Its purpose is to provide a simple and concise method for expressing the ambient water quality of Oregon's streams for general recreational use, including fishing and swimming. The OWQI, originally developed in the 1970s, has been updated based upon improved understanding about water quality behavior. This report describes the historical basis of the OWQI and defines the improved design of the present OWQI. The index allows users to easily interpret data and relate overall water quality variation to variations in specific categories of impairment. This report demonstrates the value of the OWQI in presenting spatial and temporal water quality information. The OWQI improves comprehension of general water quality issues, communicates water quality status, and illustrates the need for and effectiveness of protective practices.