Abstract: This reference illustrates the interaction and operation of transformer and system components and spans more than two decades of technological advancement to provide an updated perspective on the increasing demands and requirements of the modern transformer industry. Guiding engineers through everyday design challenges and difficulties such as stray loss estimation and control, prediction of winding hot spots, and calculation of various stress levels and performance figures, the book propagates the use of advanced computational tools for the optimization and quality enhancement of power system transformers and encompasses every key aspect of transformer function, design, and engineering.

Abstract: Research in automating the process level of machining operations has been conducted, in both academia and industry, over the past few decades. This work is motivated by a strong belief that research in this area will provide increased productivity, improved part quality, reduced costs, and relaxed machine design constraints. The basis for this belief is twofold. First, machining process automation can be applied to both large batch production environments and small batch jobs. Second, process automation can autonomously tune machine parameters (feed, speed, depth of cut, etc.) on-line and off-line to substantially increase the machine tool's performance in terms of part tolerances and surface finish, operation cycle time, etc. Process automation holds the promise of bridging the gap between product design and process planning, while reaching beyond the capability of a human operator. The success of manufacturing process automation hinges primarily on the effectiveness of the process monitoring and control systems. This paper discusses the evolution of machining process monitoring and control technologies and conducts an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art of these technologies over the past decade. The research in each area is highlighted with experimental and simulation examples. Open architecture software platforms that provide the means to implement process monitoring and control systems are also reviewed. The impact, industrial realization, and future trends of machining process monitoring and control technologies are also discussed.

Abstract: In recent years both companies and research communities call for collaborative work practices and user-centered approaches in various design fields. There are several challenges and issues to take into consideration. For instance there is a need to find ways of collaborating across various competences, interests, responsibilities and perhaps professional languages both within one organization, between several organizations and between the organizations and a group of (potential) users. It is necessary to find ways to learn about users and the contexts of use, and to create a common understanding of the development task. This paper presents a set of four design games, which offers solutions to the challenges mentioned. The design games have been developed in the Space Studio during several projects and years. Here experiences are discussed on the basis of two research projects carried out in collaboration with industrial partners and potential users, and use of the games in three educational settings.The overall aim of the design games is to help facilitate a user-centered design process for cross-disciplinary design groups early in the design process. Framing collaborative design activities in a game format, arguably improves idea generation and communication between stakeholders. By shifting focus to the game, power relations and other factors that might hamper idea generation, are downplayed.

Abstract: Within the information systems community there is growing interest in design theories. These theories are aimed to give knowledge support to design activities. Design theories are considered as theorized practical knowledge. This paper is an inquiry into the epistemology of design theories. It is an inquiry in how to justify such knowledge; the need to ground and how to ground a design theory. A distinction is made between empirical, theoretical and internal grounding. The empirical grounding has to do with the effectiveness of the application of knowledge. External theoretical grounding relates design theory to other theories. One part of this is the grounding of the design knowledge in general explanatory theories. Internal grounding means an investigation of internal warrants (e.g. as values and categories) and internal cohesion of the knowledge. Together, these different grounding processes form a coherent approach for the multi-grounding of design theory (MGDT). As illustrations some examples of design theories in IS are discussed. These are design theories concerning business interaction which are based on language action theories. INTRODUCTION Background and purpose Information systems (IS) as a discipline is concerned with designed artefacts. The practice of information systems is an interplay between design and usage of such systems. Design as process (the IS development) and design as product (the developed IS) need to be addressed in IS research (Orlikowski & Iacono, 2001; Benbasat & Zmud, 2003). The design dimensions of IS can, however, be addressed in different ways. Much IS research may deal with design issues without explicitly using the notion of design, but using other conceptual labels. Much of traditional MIS and DSS research seems to describe and analyse IS features in relation to managerial and behavioural aspects in the context. Such research is seldom explicitly design oriented. However, explanatory studies of this kind may explain effects of design decisions made and then serve as basis for the design of new information systems. As said, this is however often implicit in the pursued research. As a reaction towards this lack of explicit design orientation in IS research, several scholars have argued for IS as a design science and for the development and use of design theories in IS (Walls et al, 1992; March & Smith, 1995; Gregor & Jones, 2003; Hevner et al, 2004). Walls et al (1992) present an important contribution. They define information systems design theory "to be a prescriptive theory which integrate normative and descriptive theories into design paths intended to produce more effective information systems" (ibid p 36). They specify the contents of a design theory. The scope of such a theory is both the design product and the design process. There are theory elements for both the design product and the design process. Walls et al use this conception of design theory when developing a theory for vigilant executive IS (ibid). Their approach to design theory has also been used by Markus et al (2002) and Jones et al (2003). Following Simon (1969) they integrate explanatory kernel theories into the design theory. Explanatory kernel theories are thus considered to be parts of design theories. The works by Walls et al (1992), Gregor & Jones (2003) and Hevner et al (2004) are all important contributions to our understanding of design theories in IS research. What seems to be lacking are however clear epistemological relations between design theory and other knowledge elements. This paper is an inquiry into the epistemology of design theory, i.e. into codified and justified knowledge governing people's design work concerning IS. It is an inquiry in justification of such knowledge, which includes relations to other knowledge sources. My main concept is the grounding of knowledge. Grounding means justifying knowledge by claiming its validities. …

Abstract: Graphic design students will get a firm grip on the theory and practice of communication design with this unique work that inspires young designers to look beyond aesthetic concerns and develop an integrated, multidimensional understanding of this ever-changing field. New designers learn how to approach design problems in a methodical, professional manner; how the human mind interprets visual and verbal messages; how technology choices impact the design process; how design is used in the service of information and persuasion; and what it means to design for noncommercial advertising and political propaganda. Complete with practical examples, case studies, and cutting-edge research, this primer is a springboard to integrated, contemporary communication design

Abstract: Modeling and simulation are quickly becoming the primary enablers for complex system design. They allow the representation of intricate knowledge at various levels of abstraction and allow automated analysis as well as synthesis. The heterogeneity of the design process, as much as of the system itself, however, requires a manifold of formalisms tailored to the specific task at hand. Efficient design approaches aim to combine different models of a system under study and maximally use the knowledge captured in them. Computer Automated Multi-Paradigm Modeling (CAMPaM) is the emerging field that addresses the issues involved and formulates a domain-independent framework along three dimensions: (1) multiple levels of abstraction, (2) multiformalism modeling, and (3) meta-modeling. This article presents an overview of the CAMPaM field and shows how transformations assume a central place. These transformation are, in turn, explicitly modeled themselves by graph grammars.

Abstract: This chapter has sought to explain the context, policy applications, and major design choices in the process of developing an operational urban simulation model, with specific reference to UrbanSim as a case study. It has been argued that careful design at each stage of the process is needed to make the model sensitive to the policies of principal concern, to make the data and computational requirements manageable, to make the model usable by staff and other users with appropriate levels of training, and to fit into the operational practices of the relevant organizations. To be useful (relevant) in the policy process, model design should carefully integrate the elements discussed in the chapter into a design that fits well into a specific institutional and political context, and evolve to adapt to changing conditions. This introduction to the design process sets the stage for more in-depth discussion of specification and operational issues in model use. The UrbanSim system is being further developed to adapt to varying data availability, different factors influencing agent choices in locations ranging from newer and rapidly growing US metropolitan areas in other parts of the world. Considerable effort is now being devoted to developing environmental components of the system such as land cover change, and to developing a robust interface and tools for visualization and evaluation of policy scenarios.

Abstract: A node-based design variable implementation for continuum structural topology optimization in a finite element framework is presented and its properties are explored in the context of solving a number of different design examples. Since the implementation ensures C0continuity of design variables, it is immune to element-wise checkerboarding instabilities that are a concern with element-based design variables. Nevertheless, in a subset of design examples considered, especially those involving compliance minimization with coarse meshes, the implementation is found to introduce a new phenomenon that takes the form of “layering” or “islanding” in the material layout design. In the examples studied, this phenomenon disappears with mesh refinement or the enforcement of sufficiently restrictive design perimeter constraints, the latter sometimes being necessary in design problems involving bending to ensure convergence with mesh refinement. Based on its demonstrated performance characteristics, the authors conclude that the proposed node-based implementation is viable for continued usage in continuum topology optimization.

Abstract: The shift in the practice of human-computer interaction (HCI) Design from user-centered to context-based design marks a significant change in focus. With context-based design, designers start not with a preconceived idea of what users should do, but with an understanding of what users actually do. Context-based design focuses on the situation in which the technology will be used -- the activities relating to it and their social contexts. Designers must also realize that introduction of the technology itself changes the situation; in order to design workable systems, the design process must become flexible and adaptive. In Activity-Centered Design, Geri Gay and Helene Hembrooke argue that it is time to develop new models for HCI design that support not only research and development but also investigations into the context and motivation of user behavior.Gay and Hembrooke examine the ongoing interaction of computer systems use, design practice, and design evaluation, using the concepts of activity theory and related methods as a theoretical framework. Among the topics they discuss are the reciprocal relationship between the tool and the task, how activities shape the requirements of particular tools and how the application of the tools begins to reshape the activity; differing needs and expectations of participants when new technology is introduced, examining in particular the integration of wireless handheld devices into museums and learning environments; and the effect of the layout of the computing space on movement, function, and social interaction. Gay and Hembrooke then apply their findings on the use of technology in everyday contexts to inform future HCI design practice.

Abstract: The integration of process design and control -Summary and future directions. Part A-Controllability analysis and process characterisation. Part B-Integrated process design and control - Methods. Part C-Plantwide interactions of design and control. Part D-Integrated process design and control - Extensions.

Abstract: OTORCRAFT engineering is highly interdisciplinary because the flexibility of the main rotor blades couples with the aerodynamics, dynamics, and control system. In addition, interaction between the rotor and fuselage further complicates helicopter system predictions. The multidisciplinary nature of the helicopter engineering problems has led researchers to investigate formal optimization methods for the design process. Applications of formal optimization methods for helicopter problems started in the early 1980s. Miura 1 provided a review of some of the early work on application of numerical optimization to helicopters. Friedmann, 2 Adelman and Mantay, 3 and Celi 4 provide further reviews of helicopter optimization. Sobieszczanski-Sobieski and Haftka 5 give a review of recent developments in multidisciplinary design optimization for aerospace problems and Gieseng and Barthelemy 6 provide an industrial perspective of multidisciplinary optimization research. Whereas considerable studies have been conducted on helicopter design optimization, several issues have prevented it from becoming as popular or successful as structural optimization. Many finite element-based design packages today have builtin optimization capacity. However, the predictive capacity of even the most sophisticated helicopter aeroelastic analysis codes remains quite poor, as evidenced in a recent study by Hansford and Vorwald, 7 where hub load predictions from several codes are compared with flight-test data. In addition, because of the nature of helicopter problems, comprehensive aeroelastic codes are highly multidisciplinary and very difficult to understand and alter except by domain experts. This is because of the complexity of the physical modeling. For example, as the blade moves over one revolution, it encounters transonic flow, reverse flow, stall, and unsteady effects including dynamic stall. Large azimuthal variations in lift result from changes in dynamic pressure

Abstract: This paper describes a new computational approach for optimum topology design of 2D continuum structures subjected to design-dependent loading. Both the locations and directions of the loads may change as the structural topology changes. A robust algorithm based on a modified isoline technique is presented that generates the appropriate loading surface which remains on the boundary of potential structural domains during the topology evolution. Issues in connection with tracing the variable loading surface are discussed and treated in the paper. Our study indicates that the influence of the variation of element material density is confined within a small neighbourhood of the element. With this fact in mind, the cost of the calculation of the sensitivities of loads may be reduced remarkably. Minimum compliance is considered as the design problem. There are several models available for such designs. In the present paper, a simple formulation with weighted unit cost constraints based on the expression of potential energy is employed. Compared to the traditional models (i.e., the SIMP model), it provides an alternative way to implement the topology design of continuum structures. Some 2D examples are tested to show the differences between the designs obtained for fixed, design-independent loading, and for variable, design-dependent loading. The general and special features of the optimization with design-dependent loads are shown in the paper, and the validity of the algorithm is verified. An algorithm dealing with 3D design problems is described in Part II, which is developed from the 2D algorithm in the present Part I of the paper.

Abstract: Real-time digital simulation of power electronic systems requires significant computational resources due to increasingly complex system configurations, control algorithms, and higher switching frequency. Consequently, it is prudent to exploit various computer resources for optimizing the design of simulators/controllers for such systems. This paper presents the design and implementation details of a real-time digital simulator for a Voltage-Source-Converter-based Distribution STATic COMpensator (D-STATCOM) power system. The design process adopts a modular approach utilizing distributed digital signal processor/field-programmable gate array resources of a digital processing platform. The design has been validated by using an experimental setup of a 5-kVA D-STATCOM system.

Abstract: (2004). Reliability Verification, Testing, and Analysis in Engineering Design. Technometrics: Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 486-487.

Abstract: The preparation of detailed models of information and process flow by 14 member companies of the North American Precast Concrete Software Consortium has provided a unique window into the current management, engineering design, and production opera- tions in this industry. The modeling was performed using the authors' Georgia Tech Process for Product Modeling tool, within the framework of the consortium's effort to develop a precast concrete product model and to specify new integrated three dimensional modeling software. The paper opens with a comparative economic review of precast construction internationally and in North America, which reveals that the market share of precast construction in North American is relatively low. The models are analyzed and aspects of the underlying management procedures that they reveal are discussed, such as types of contracting arrangements, cost estimating, design outsourcing, engineering design communication, mold design, product diversity, and quality control. The results highlight aspects of precast management processes that may be re-engineered through appropriate application of information technology.

Abstract: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a classical system safety analysis technique which is currently widely used in the automotive, aerospace and other safety critical industries. In the process of an FMEA, analysts compile lists of component failure modes and try to infer the effects of those failure modes on the system. System models, typically simple engineering diagrams, assist analysts in understanding how the local effects of component failures propagate through complex architectures and ultimately cause hazardous effects at system level. Although there is software available that assists engineers in performing clerical tasks, such as forming tables and filling in data, the intelligent part of an FMEA process remains a manual and laborious process. Thus, one of the main criticisms of FMEA is that the time taken to perform the analysis can often exceed the period of the design and development phases and therefore the analysis de facto becomes a mere deliverable to the customer and not a useful tool capable of improving the design. Difficulties naturally become more acute as systems grow in scale and complexity. To address those difficulties, a body of work is looking into the automation and simplification of FMEA (Renovell et al., 1985). To mechanically infer the effects of component failures in a system, several approaches have been proposed which use domain specific qualitative or quantitative fault simulation. These approaches are restricted to particular application domains such as the design of electrical or electronic circuits. Limitations in scope but also difficulties with the efficiency and scalability of algorithms seem to have so far limited the industrial take-up of this automated FMEA technology which is still under development. In this paper, we propose a new approach to the automatic synthesis of FMEAs which builds upon recent work towards automating fault tree analysis (Papadopoulos et al., 2001). In this approach, FMEAs are built from engineering diagrams that have been augmented with information about component failures. The proposed approach is generic, i.e. not restricted to an application domain, and potentially applicable to a range of widely used engineering models. The models that provide the basis for the analysis identify the topology of the system, i.e. the system components and the material energy and data transactions among those components. Models can also be hierarchically structured and record in different layers the decomposition of subsystems into more basic components. We should note that this type of structural models include piping and instrumentation diagrams, data flow diagrams and other models commonly used in many areas of engineering design.

Abstract: The design process for heat exchangers in the process industries and for similar applications in the power and large-scale environmental control industries is described. Because of the variety of substances (frequently multicomponent, of variable and uncertain composition, and changing phase) to be processed under wide ranges of temperatures, pressures, flow rates, chemical compatibility, and fouling propensity, these exchangers are almost always custom-designed and constructed. Many different exchanger configurations are commercially available to meet special conditions, with design procedures of varying degrees of reliability. A general design logic can be applied, with detailed procedures specific to the type of exchanger. The basis of the design process is first a careful and comprehensive specification of the range of conditions to be satisfied, and second, organized use of a fundamentally valid and extrapolatable rating method. The emphasis in choosing a design method is upon rational representation of the physical processes, rather than upon high accuracy. Finally, the resultant design must be vetted in detail by the designer and the process engineer for operability, flexibility, maintainability, and safety

Abstract: RedesignIT is a computer program that uses model-based reasoning to generate and evaluate proposals of redesign plans for engineered devices. These proposals describe how the design parameters could be changed to achieve a specified performance goal. Equally important, the program proposes complementary modifications that may be necessary to counteract the undesirable side effects of the primary changes. RedesignIT is intended for use during the first stages of a redesign project, when engineers need to make a quick, yet accurate assessment of the overall effects of a particular design change. The program uses qualitative device models, which allow it to compute redesign plans efficiently. With its ability to predict the collateral, and probably undesirable, effects of a design change, the program is well suited to aid product designers in deciding on the feasibility of introducing design changes to a product.

Abstract: In variant design, the proliferation of bills of materials makes it difficult for designers to find previous designs that would aid in completing a new design task. This research presents a novel, data mining approach to forming generic bills of materials (GBOMs), entities that represent the different variants in a product family and facilitate the search for similar designs and configuration of new variants. The technical difficulties include: i) developing families or categories for products, assemblies, and component parts; ii) generalizing purchased parts and quantifying their similarity; iii) performing tree union; and iv) establishing design constraints. These challenges are met through data mining methods such as text and tree mining, a new tree union procedure, and embodying the GBOM and design constraints in constrained XML. The paper concludes with a case study, using data from a manufacturer of nurse call devices, and identifies a new research direction for data mining motivated by the domains of engineering design and information.