Abstract: A two-phased research project comparing the prototyping approach with the more traditional life cycle approach finds that prototyping facilitates communication between users and designers during the design process. However, the findings also indicate that designers who used prototyping experienced difficulties in managing and controlling the design process.

Abstract: A new general-purpose optimization program for engineering design is described. ADS-1 (Automated Design Synthesis - Version 1) is a FORTRAN program for solution of nonlinear constrained optimization problems. The program is segmented into three levels, being strategy, optimizer, and one-dimensional search. At each level, several options are available so that a total of over 100 possible combinations can be created. Examples of available strategies are sequential unconstrained minimization, the Augmented Lagrange Multiplier method, and Sequential Linear Programming. Available optimizers include variable metric methods and the Method of Feasible Directions as examples and one-dimensional search options include polynomial interpolation and the Golden Section method as examples. Emphasis is placed on ease of use of the program. All information is transferred via a single parameter list. Default values are provided for all internal program parameters such as convergence criteria, and the user is given a simple means to over-ride these, if desired. The program is demonstrated with a simple structural design example.

Abstract: Robotic manipulators provide general, programmable motion paths and force functions to carry out processes of a high level of dexterity and flexibility. These systems are characterized by several degrees of freedom of controllable motion. As a consequence the resulting mechanical structure contains a very large number of design values including geometric, mass, compliance, strength, and prime mover parameters [1]. The analysis on which to base the design methods involves the multivariable mathematical relations between these design parameters and the manipulator’s force and motion states which are extraordinarily complex, nonlinear, and highly coupled. Computer-aided procedures for systems of this class become an imperative in order to establish the dynamic formulation, select rational design specifications, and to evaluate the system’s operating characteristics both locally and globally. This paper suggests some applications of optimization techniques to augment the existing analysis formulation in the literature and to create a more powerful foundation for the design of manipulator structures. This enhanced computational capability is based on position-dependent kinematic and modeling coefficients [6] which explicitly demonstrate the role of significant physical parameters in the design process. Specific examples dealing with optimal distribution of actuator load capacity are given in the paper which improves the system’s load capacity or enhances its speed and acceleration capability within the local neighborhood of a given configuration of the manipulator.

Abstract: Al systems are likely to have a significant impact on the automation of engineering design. Among the potential benefits of the use of Al techniques is the packaging of human expertise into expert system software.

Abstract: Today, numerous programs are available which may be coupled with finite element analysis or other analysis techniques to perform the optimization function in the solution of structural synthesis problems. However, most of these codes include only one or two algorithms and many have not been tested on problems of significant size and complexity. There is, therefore, a need for a reliable, general-purpose, publicly available code, containing a variety of modern algorithms for use in structural synthesis as well as general engineering design. The ADS-1 program (Automated Design Synthesis: Version 1) was written in response to this need. The present investigation has the objective to present the capabilities of the ADS program and to demonstrate its application to structural synthesis. The ADS program solves the general nonlinear constrained optimization problem in the standard form. At each level of the optimization process, several options are available.

Abstract: This book is specifically written to show the benefits and liabilities of existing energy-related alternatives on a whole-building level. Many case studies and examples are presented to summarize the abilities and impact on design of existing alternative means of environmental control and the methods that are being used to assess this problem. The intent is both to present the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of alternative solution types and design approaches and to comparatively assess the abilities of the alternatives to support wider, whole-building design concerns. A detailed, nontechnology-specific approach to the design of energy-responsive commercial buildings is presented. This framework is intended to provide a logical basis for considering energy issues in the design process and is formulated to encourage innovation and reinvention by the reader.

Abstract: The engineering design process, often systematically used in other branches of engineering, such as mechanical or architectural engineering, is seldom applied in rock engineering. While it is sometimes claimed that rock excavations are actually designed, little attention is paid to the engineering design philosophy. This paper emphasizes the need for a systematic design process in rock engineering and shows that the rock engineer can no longer claim that engineering practice mandates empiricism and “rule of thumb” methods. The engineering design process is described and the design approaches for rock engineering are outlined.

Abstract: An important use for a database management system is in the storage and handling of information for engineering design, particularly integrated circuit design. However, most discussions on this topic have concentrated on the layout of shapes necessary to form the various circuit elements, or connections between user-defined cells. Equally important, but often disregarded, is the necessity to support other design tools in addition to graphics for circuit layout. These include simulators and automatic layout programs that take a description of a circuit at one level and convert it to a lower level. In addition, if cells are part of a library defined and maintained by others, operations must be included to handle the maintenance of generations or versions of a cell design. These aspects of a database management system for engineering design are discussed in light of the tools being developed at the University of Utah and an extended version of System R, developed at the IBM San Jose Research Laboratory. The Utah approach emphasizes the use of previously designed and tested cells, with interconnects at fixed locations, placed on a grid. Because it is unlikely that the designers of circuits designed all (or any) of the cells used in their circuits, special database management operations are necessary to assure that a consistent, working circuit results.

Abstract: The optimization approach discussed is part of an ongoing effort to develop a general automated procedure for rotor blade design. This procedure can be used to determine the necessary geometric, structural, and material properties of a rotor system to achieve desired objectives relating to vibration, stress, and aerodynamic performance. The approach used for helicopter vibration is emphasized. Based on analytical studies performed at the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC), a simplified vibration analysis was developed to be used in conjunction with a forced response analysis in the optimization process. This simplified analysis improves the efficiency of the design process significantly. Results of applying this approach to the design of an existing rotor blade model are presented.

Abstract: A typical engine control design cycle consists of developing a dynamic engine simulation from steady-state component performance data, designing a control based upon this simulation, and then testing and modifying the control in an engine test cell to meet performance requirements. This design cycle was successful for state-of-the-art engines. However, for more advanced multivariable engines that exhibit strong variable interactions, this procedure will result in substantial trial and error modification of the control during the testing phase. One method to automate the design process and reduce control modification testing and development cost would be to identify accurate dynamic models directly from the closed-loop test data. These identified models would then be used in conjunction with a synthesis procedure to systematically refine the control. Recent advances in closed-loop identifiability present a methodology for this direct identification of engine model dynamics from closed-loop test data. The application of an identification method to simulated and actual closed-loop F100 engine data is described. This study was undertaken to determine if useful dynamic engine models could be identified directly from closed-loop engine test data.

Abstract: This paper describes an effort to use metrics to evaluate software designs early in the design process. Key facets of the work include a machine processable design notation and the definition of software design metrics. We believe that the future success of building an intelligent software design assistant depends on the ability to quantify attributes of a software design, as well as to have the representation of the design available for automated examination.

Abstract: : This research examined program design methodologies, which claim to improve the design process by providing strategies to programmers for structuring solutions to computer problems. In this experiment professional programmers were provided with the specifications for each of three non-trivial problems and asked to produce pseudo-code for each specification according to the principles of a particular design methodology. The measures collected were the time to design and code, by several metrics. These data were used to develop profiles of the solutions produced by different methodologies and to develop comparisons between the methodologies. The results suggest that there are differences among the various methodologies. These differences are discussed in light of their impact on the comprehensibility, reliability, and maintainability of the programs produced.

Abstract: Decisions made in an engineering company were recorded and analysed to show how elementary techniques of decision-making can aid the planning and control of decisions in engineering design.

Abstract: Graphic science and design , Graphic science and design , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Abstract: The article addresses the general educational concepts of engineering design together with the contrast of current instruction techniques in tertiary institutions. Work at Melbourne is reviewed in this context with particular reference to matching educational objectives to current educational theory. A case study in engineering design is evaluated against this frame of reference and some educational hypotheses are proposed. It is concluded that testing of the proposed hypotheses will require considerable research effort by design educators.

Abstract: Advantages claimed for the relational model in the classical data processing domain include ease of use, data independence, increased productivity, and multi-file correlation. These advantages also hold for design applications. However, engineering applications impose several additional requirements.

Abstract: In this chapter we discuss a basic framework for the design of system-models which are well-structured for their implementation as a simulator. As a tool for it we discuss the concept of a stratified methodology which is built up by the knowledge of different systems specifications and transformations of such specifications into each other on different levels of abstraction. This tool is used to structure the design process to reach system specifications of network type.

Abstract: The complexity of communications systems and products developed and manufactured by AT & T demands a sophisticated set of Computer Aided Engineering tools. These tools are required to manage the complexities ranging from the integrated circuit level, through the circuit pack level, to the levels of shelves and frames of equipment. They are used at the very onset of the design process, starting with initial design intent capture, through fabrication of prototypes and models, and culminating in information transfer and manufacture. To meet these needs within a common design environment, a CAE system is required which possesses considerable technical depth, great flexibility, and the capacity to evolve to meet changing needs.The Unified CAD System is a comprehensive and integrated system of CAE tools used at AT & T for the design, development, and manufacture of electronic circuit packs and backplanes. This system was conceived and developed at AT & T Bell Laboratories and is now in heavy use by AT & T product development and manufacturing organizations. When used in its complete form, the system provides a totally data driven process from design capture to manufactured product. This is achieved with a minimum of manual intervention and with the availability of audits to verify the integrity of data at each step along the way.This paper addresses the users view of the system. At AT & T, the users consist of design engineers, specialists in physical design realization, documentation, and information transmittal, and manufacturing engineers.This paper presents a description of how the system is used today, its performance in these environments, and a users view of future directions.We find that the Unified CAD System improves quality, reduces costs, reduces intervals, and improves human interfaces. Use of the system has resulted in fewer design iterations, reduced design activity, and elimination of duplication of effort. The system has had a profound effect in bringing designs into manufacture, and the users are anxious to extend its benefits into even more aspects of the product development and manufacturing process.

Abstract: This paper builds on twin assumptions that human behavior and physical places influence one another, and that design and planning should therefore be sensitive to the users of the built environment Sociologists have a key role to play in shaping the built environment: they can bring the users' concerns to the design and planning process Predesign research, research on the design process, and postoccupancy evaluation research are among the tools utilized by clinical sociologists working with environmental and design issues Criteria to employ in selecting design research methods are identified and nine specific methods are ranked on those criteria and explained

Abstract: We will describe a CAD system used by AT$#x0026;T Bell Laboratories, AT$#x0026;T Information Systems, and AT$#x0026;T Technologies, Inc. for the design and documentation of electronic packages. It is a highly integrated system designed around a single common data base. Both the system and data base have evolved over a number of years. The system is made up of two major functional subsystems; EDS - the Engineering Design System, a systems for design intent capture, validation and prototype for all packaging levels; IDS - the Interconnection Design System, a physical layout and documentation system for circuit packs and backplanes. In this paper we will take a high level view of the system, looking at the goals for the system and the consequent functional and architectural strategies, the history of its development, its overall architecture and some of the future directions its development might go in. Companion papers will discuss in more detail the functional components of the system plus some specifics of its use.

Abstract: One of the major problems that affects a person's ability to make effective use of an interactive program is the level at which its manipulation affects the intellectual process necessary to solve his current problem. For example, in a computer-aided circuit design system, the user often has to spend so much time manipulating the system or thinking about how he will manipulate the system next, that he is unable to direct his full attention to the actual design of his circuit. Without the use of the computer, the mundane numerical calculations that need to be performed in order to do the design, interfere with the engineering design process. By assisting with these mundane. calculations and thus enabling the engineer to consider many more possible designs, the engineer should be able to fully concentrate on the design goals. Instead, however, he must sacrifice some of his mental effort to manipulating the system. Programs which are developed to assist the user in doing highly innovative tasks (Ben...