TL;DR: Meek et al. as mentioned in this paper presented the case of Kaska, an endangered language in an Athabascan community in the Yukon, and provided a detailed investigation of language revitalization based on more than two years of active participation in local language renewal efforts.
Abstract: For many communities around the world, the revitalization or at least the preservation of an indigenous language is a pressing concern. Understanding the issue involves far more than compiling simple usage statistics or documenting the grammar of a tongue--it requires examining the social practices and philosophies that affect indigenous language survival. In presenting the case of Kaska, an endangered language in an Athabascan community in the Yukon, Barbra Meek asserts that language revitalization requires more than just linguistic rehabilitation; it demands a social transformation. The process must mend rips and tears in the social fabric of the language community that result from an enduring colonial history focused on termination. These "disjunctures" include government policies conflicting with community goals, widely varying teaching methods and generational viewpoints, and even clashing ideologies within the language community. This book provides a detailed investigation of language revitalization based on more than two years of active participation in local language renewal efforts. Each chapter focuses on a different dimension, such as spelling and expertise, conversation and social status, family practices, and bureaucratic involvement in local language choices. Each situation illustrates the balance between the desire for linguistic continuity and the reality of disruption. "We Are Our Language "reveals the subtle ways in which different conceptions and practices--historical, material, and interactional--can variably affect the state of an indigenous language, and it offers a critical step toward redefining success and achieving revitalization.
TL;DR: The first comprehensive description of Bilinarra, a Pama-Nyungan language of the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia) is given in this article.
Abstract: This volume provides the first comprehensive description of Bilinarra, a Pama-Nyungan language of the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia). Bilinarra is a highly endangered language with only one speaker remaining in 2012 and no child learners. The materials on which this grammatical description is based were collected by the authors over a 20 year period from the last first-language speakers of the language, most of whom have since passed away. Bilinarra is a member of the Ngumpin subgroup of Pama-Nyungan which forms a part of the Ngumpin-Yapa family, which also includes Warlpiri. It is non-configurational, with nominals commonly omitted, arguments cross-referenced by pronominal clitics and word order grammatically free and largely determined by information structure. In this grammatical description much attention is paid to its morphosyntax, including case morphology, the pronominal clitic system and complex predicates. A particular strength of the volume is the provision of sound files for example sentences, allowing the reader access to the language itself.
TL;DR: The model is extended to examine the role of bilingualism and social structure and the impact of two strategies for language maintenance, which indicate a set of intervention strategies by which the likelihood of successful maintenance is expected to increase.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the state of the art in the field of minority languages in the U.S. and discuss the challenges faced by minority languages.
Abstract: Introduction Kendall A. King, Natalie Schilling-Estes, Lyn Fogle, Jia Jackie Lou, and Barbara Soukup PART I: DEFINING 1. Linguistic Diversity, Sustainability, and the Future of the PastSuzanne Romaine 2. When is an "Extinct Language" Not Extinct? Miami, a Formerly Sleeping LanguageWesley Y. Leonard 3. Evaluating Endangerment: Proposed Metadata and ImplementationM. Paul Lewis PART II: DOCUMENTING 4. Endangered Language Varieties: Vernacular Speech and Linguistic Standardization in Brazilian PortugueseGregory R. Guy and Ana M.S. Zilles 5. The Linguistic Negotiation of Complex Racialized Identities by Black Appalachian SpeakersChristine Mallinson 6. Working at "9 to 5" Gaelic: Speakers, Context, and Ideologies of an Emerging Minority Language RegisterEmily McEwan-Fujita 7. Voice and Biliteracy in Indigenous Language Revitalization: Contentious Educational Practices in Quechua, Guarani, and Maori ContextsNancy H. Hornberger PART III: DEVELOPING 8. Endangering Language Vitality through Institutional Development: Ideology, Authority, and Official Standard Irish in the GaeltachtTadhg O hIfearnain 9. Scandinavian Minority Language Policies in Transition: The Impact of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Norway and SwedenLeena Huss 10. Language Development in Eritrea: The Case of BlinPaul D. Fallon 11. Indigenous Language Policies in Social Practice: The Case of NavajoTeresa L. McCarty, Mary Eunice Romero-Little, and Ofelia Zepeda 12. Heritage Language Education in the United States: A Need to Reconceptualize and RestructureJoy Kreeft Peyton, Maria Carreira, Shuhan Wang, and Terrence G. Wiley 13. Language Diversity and the Public InterestWalt Wolfram AFTERWORD 14. At What Cost? Methods of Language Revival and Protection: Examples from HebrewElana Shohamy 15. Unendangered Dialects, Endangered PeopleWilliam Labov Index
TL;DR: For example, Altounian et al. as discussed by the authors describe the problem of benign neglect of sign languages in current discussions of language endangerment and argue for the importance of expanding such discussions to include codes expressed in the manual-visual channel.
Abstract: Since linguistic and anthropological study of sign languages began in the 1960s, most research has focused on national sign languages, with scant attention paid to indigenous and original sign languages. Vulnerable to extinction, the latter varieties can expand our understanding of language universals, language typologies, historical comparative linguistics, and other areas. Using Thailand as a case study and drawing on three examples – a rare phonological form, basic color terminology, and baby talk/motherese – from Ban Khor Sign Language, an indigenous signed code, this article describes the problem of benign neglect of sign languages in current discussions of language endangerment and argues for the importance of expanding such discussions to include codes expressed in the manual-visual channel.The linguistic field research upon which this article is based was funded by the Endangered Language Fund, the Explorers Club, IIE Fulbright, Sign Language Research Inc., the Thai-U.S. Educational Foundation, the UCLA Department of Anthropology, the UCLA Office of International Studies and Overseas Programs, the UCLA Wagatsuma Memorial Fund, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation. I wish to thank the following individuals and groups for their assistance in various phases of the project: Alexis Altounian, Poonpit Amatyakul, Jean Ann, Wendy Belcher, Ursula Bellugi, Steve Bickler, Ken Kamler, Peter Ladefoged, Tuanvu Le, Chettah Madminggao, Nutjaree Madminggao, Marina McIntire, Carmella Moore, Pam Munro, Carol Padden, Diana Pash, Nilawan Pitipat, Claire Ramsey, Chip Reilly, Olga Solomon, Kelly Stack, Laura Sterponi, Viphavee Vongpumivitch, and Akira Yamamoto. Special thanks belong to Vien Champa, Lahsee Khammee, Jintala Anuyahong, Anucha Ratanasint, Khwanta Sukhwan, Nipha Sukhwan, Phaiwan Sukhwan, Kampol Suwanarat, Thanu Wongchai, James C. Woodward, the Ratchasuda Foundation, the National Association of the Deaf in Thailand, and, of course, the community of Ban Khor.