Abstract: A method for reducing risk including the steps of holding by a seller a liability having a future value S1 and determining the present value P1 of the liability in accordance with the future value S1. The method also calls for buying the liability by a buyer entity for a value P2 greater than the present value P1, thereby providing a first net gain holding the liability by the buyer entity for a period of time and discharging the liability at the end of the period of time for a value S1 that is less than the future value S2 thereby providing a second net gain. The present value P2 is determined according to the present value P1 and according to a time t years prior to the time at which the value of the liability reaches S1. The present value P2 is determined according to the value S2 and the future value S1 is known at the time of the determining of the present value P1. The first net gain is a net gain for the seller and the second net gain is a net gain for the buyer entity. The liability is recorded as a long term debt by the seller and may be at present value by the buyer entity. The buyer entity can be an insurance company.

Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for estimating a technical value is provided to manage technical value by estimating a value of a technology held, and by systematically constructing information on an estimation system, an estimation of a technical value and a value added and a management of intangible assets. CONSTITUTION: An expected profit of technology earned from using the technology is calculated to a present value. A technology competitiveness index which is a discounting factor for correcting the present value in order to approach the present value to a real technical value is calculated. The present value is multiplied by the technology competitiveness index.