Topic
Emasculation
About: Emasculation is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 221 publications have been published within this topic receiving 1373 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
1 / 2
Papers
TL;DR: Suitable growth conditions strongly reduce the generation time and allow the control of plant height, flowering time, and seed production, which enables the rapid production of segregating populations which makes amaranth an attractive model for basic plant research but also facilitates further the improvement of this ancient crop by plant breeding.
Abstract: Grain amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) have been cultivated for thousands of years in Central and South America. Their grains are of high nutritional value, but the low yield needs to be increased by selection of superior genotypes from genetically diverse breeding populations. Amaranths are adapted to harsh conditions and can be cultivated on marginal lands although little is known about their physiology. The development of controlled growing conditions and efficient crossing methods is important for research on and improvement of this ancient crop. Grain amaranth was domesticated in the Americas and is highly self-fertilizing with a large inflorescence consisting of thousands of very small flowers. We evaluated three different crossing methods (open pollination, hot water emasculation and hand emasculation) for their efficiency in amaranth and validated them with genetic markers. We identified cultivation conditions that allow an easy control of flowering time by manipulating day length and achieved flowering times of four weeks and generation times of two months. All three different crossing methods successfully produced hybrid F1 offspring, but with different success rates. Open pollination had the lowest (10%) and hand emasculation the highest success rate (74%). Hot water emasculation showed an intermediate success rate (26%) with a maximum of 94% success. It is simple to perform and suitable for a more large-scale production of hybrids. We further evaluated 11 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and found that they were sufficient to validate all crosses of the genotypes used in this study for intra- and interspecific hybridisations. Despite its very small flowers, crosses in amaranth can be carried out efficiently and evaluated with inexpensive SNP markers. Suitable growth conditions strongly reduce the generation time and allow the control of plant height, flowering time and seed production. In combination, this enables the rapid production of segregating populations which makes amaranth an attractive model for basic plant research but also facilitates further the improvement of this ancient crop by plant breeding.
98 citations
TL;DR: In crossing, emasculation can be applied or not, in both cases some variations are possible, and which method can best be applied depends among other things on the inflorescences of the varieties to be combined.
Abstract: In crossing, emasculation can be applied or not. In both cases some variations are possible. Which method can best be applied depends among other things on the inflorescences of the varieties to be combined. With the cultivated varieties the mean percentage of successful crossings varies from 30 to 40. Success is dependent mainly on
Phaseolus dumosus is a botanical form from Central America. Flowering only starts under rather high temperatures in short days. In the Netherlands this species does not produce any seed. Dumosus can readily be propagated asexually. The cross Ph. vulgaris × Ph. dumosus produces satisfactory results, the percentage of successful crossings varying from 0–38.
55 citations
TL;DR: This review examines the principles underlying strategies like genetically determined systems and other methods (manual emasculation, chemical-hybridizing agents) in different species, considering the benefits and drawbacks of their adoption and presents the current state of the art for vegetable hybrid seed production.
Abstract: Production of hybrid varieties of vegetable crops is currently a desired breeding goal, due to their remarkable agronomic performance and to the possibility of intellectual property protection. However, efficient hybrid production requires a careful pollination control to guarantee the hybrid nature of F1 seed. Several technologies ranging from manual emasculation to genetic transformation are used to inhibit pollen production in mother plants. In this review, we examine the principles underlying strategies like genetically determined systems (genic male sterility, cytoplasmic–genic male sterility, self-incompatibility) and other methods (manual emasculation, chemical-hybridizing agents) in different species, considering the benefits and drawbacks of their adoption. Finally, we present the current state of the art for vegetable hybrid seed production.
54 citations
TL;DR: In the warm climatic conditions of the south Mediterranean area, where mean temperatures during blooming period are as high as 15–18°C and maximum temperatures frequently exceed 25°C the effective pollination period of apricot cultivars is extremely short, the normal duration of EPP is 4 days and fruit set decreases sharply 6 days after emasculation.
48 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that it is possible to obtain seed with low level of contamination and little selfing, without the costly steps of flower emasculation, isolation and labelling, by simply cutting the style just before pollination and pollinating all suitable flowers on a tree on a weekly cycle.
Abstract: The effectiveness of supplementary pollination techniques for large-scale production of elite Eucalyptus globulus seed was tested by using pollen fixed for a rare allozyme. We assayed the paternity of 1954 seedlings derived from 1089 flowers on 14 trees with no emasculation or style isolation. We first compared the success of pollinating the transversely cut style surface with direct stigma pollination. For flowers pollinated up to 6 days after operculum shed, style cutting resulted in a 15-fold increase in the number of seed with the marker allozyme (intended pollination) compared with stigma pollination. There was no difference between either pollination treatment and open pollination in 7-14-day-old flowers. We subsequently pollinated 13 trees using the cut-style technique that resulted in 86.9% of progeny having the marker allozyme. Microsatellite analysis showed that only 4.8% of the progeny were selfs. Thus, we show that it is possible to obtain seed with low level of contamination and little selfing, without the costly steps of flower emasculation, isolation and labelling, by simply cutting the style just before pollination and pollinating all suitable flowers on a tree on a weekly cycle. By this approach, elite full-sib families can be generated for deployment into plantations to exploit both additive and non-additive genetic effects.
39 citations
Related Topics (5)
Performance Metrics
| Year | Papers |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 3 |
| 2024 | 11 |
| 2023 | 15 |
| 2022 | 17 |
| 2021 | 7 |
| 2020 | 6 |